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11 protocols using ab92337

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Growth Factors

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Formaldehyde-fixed tissue was embedded in paraffin wax for further immunohistochemical examination. Sections were deparaffinized in xylene and passed through descending alcohol series. The antigen retrieval process was performed in citrate buffer solution (pH 6.0) for 15 min in a microwave oven at 700 W. Sections were allowed to cool at room temperature for 30 min and washed twice in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5 min. Endogenous peroxidase blockage was performed in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 7 min. The washed samples were incubated in Ultra V block for 8 min. Blocking solution was removed from the sections and allowed to incubate overnight at +4 °C with primary antibodies epidermal growth factor, (catalog no: ab9695, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and fibroblast growth factor (catalog no: ab92337, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). After washing the sections in PBS, secondary antibody was applied for 20 min. The sections were washed in PBS for 2×5 min and then exposed to streptavidin-peroxidase for 20 min. Sections washed with PBS were allowed to react with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen. Counterstaining with hematoxylin was applied and after washing, the preparations were mounted. Sections were examined under a light microscope (Zeiss Imager A2, Jena, Germany)18
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2

Quantifying Angiogenic Protein Levels

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VEGFA, HIF1α, FGF2, and CXCL12 protein levels in ADSCs and tissues were determined by western blotting as previously described [11 (link), 12 (link)]. Briefly, after electrophoresis and transfer to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, proteins were incubated with antibodies against HIF1α (ab216842, 1:500, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-VEGFA (ab1316, 1:100, Abcam), FGF2 (ab92337; 1:300; Abcam), CXCL12 (ab137867; 1:300; Abcam), and GAPDH (#5174; 1:20,000; Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA, USA) at 4 °C overnight. Proteins were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and exposure to X-ray film and quantified by laser scanning densitometry (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Piscataway, NJ). GAPDH was used as a loading control.
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3

Protein Expression Analysis Using Western Blot

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Protein extracts were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-acrylamide and transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane. The proteins on the membranes were combined with primary antibodies anti-bFGF (ab92337, Abcam, 1:1000), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF; ab32152, Abcam, 1:1000), anti-STAT3 (ab68153, Abcam, 1:1000), and anti-GAPDH (ab8245, Abcam, 1:3000). The membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. GAPDH was used as a control. The enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Substrate Kit (Abcam, Shanghai, China) was applied to examine the conjugated signals, and the data analysis was implemented by the ImageJ program (Verse1.52v, National Institutes of Health).
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver Tissue

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Liver tissues fixed in 10% formalin were embedded in paraffin, then were sliced 4-μm-thick sections. After drying in the oven at 60 °C for 1 h, and liver slices were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated with ethanol of gradient concentration. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with 3% H2O2 for 12 min. Then, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies ONECUT2 (Atlas Antibodies, HPA057058, 1:250), ACLY (Atlas Antibodies, HPA022434, 1:3000) and FGF2 (Abcam, ab92337, 1:2000) at 4 °C overnight. The next day, a peroxidase-conjugated second antibody (Santa Cruz) was added to incubate the sections for 30 min at room temperature. The signals were visualized following diaminobenzidine treatment for 2 min. A light microscope (Olympus, Japan) was used to capture the images.
Two independent pathologists performed an analysis of the IHC results. The staining intensity was scored: negative, 0; weak, 1; medium, 2; strong, 3. The percentage of positive cells was scored: negative, 0; 1–25%, 1; 26–50%, 2; 51–75%, 3; 76–100%, 4. The above two scores were multiplied to determine the final immunoreactivity scores, yielding a range from 0 to 12. Scores ranging from 0 to 3 were considered “negative”, and scores ranging from 4 to 12 were considered “positive”.
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5

Western Blot Analysis of FGF2 and GAPDH

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Equal amount of protein extracted form NPC cells was separated through running SDS-PAGE and semi-dry transferred onto the 0.22 μm nitrocellulose membrane (Real-Times Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The membrane was firstly pre-sealed with 5% skim milk followed by incubating with specific primary antibody against FGF2 (1:1500 dilution; #ab92337, Abcam, USA) or GAPDH (1:2000 dilution; #ab181602; Abcam, USA) overnight at 4 °C. The signals were further developed using IRdye 800-conjugated anti-IgG second antibody (1:3000 dilution; Invitrogen, USA) for 1 h at RT and detected with the ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Pierce, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc).
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6

Evaluating EMT Pathway Markers

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The human p-CMV-ICAM-1 vector was purchased from sinobiological, pc-DNA3-SRC vector was purchased from Addgene, and p-CMV6-c-MET vector was purchased from origene. HGF (100-39H) was purchased from Peprotech. SU11274 (c-MET inhibitor), WP1066 (573097), and PP2 (529573) were obtained from Calbiochem. Antibodies specific for CDH2 (#610920) was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Antibodies specific for Snail(#3879), Slug (#9585), TWIST (#46702),SRC (#2108), p-SRC (#2105), MET (#3127), p-MET (#3077), and HA (#2367) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies specific for Vim (ab137321), CDH1 (ab1416), PDGFB (ab23914), VEGFA (ab46154), FGF2 (ab92337), STAT3 (ab226942), p-STAT3 (ab32143), ZEB1 (ab223688) and ICAM-1 (ab2213) was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The monoclonal antibodies specific for β-Actin (SC-47778) was purchased from Santa Cruz. The monoclonal antibodies specific for FLAG (F-3165) was purchased from Sigma. The polyclonal antibodies specific for p-ICAM-1 (CSB-PA000547) was purchased from CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY.
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of LUAD Biomarkers

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The LUAD samples and matched non-tumorous tissues were obtained from 80 LUAD patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and processed as 4-µm continuous sections. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions (UltraSensitiveTM SP; MXB, China). The following antibodies were used: fibroblast growth factor (FGF2; Abcam, ab92337), hyaluronan-mediated motor receptor (HMMR; Proteintech, 15820-1-AP), and nuclear receptor 0B2 (NR0B2; Abcam, ab96605). Each sample was independently assessed by 2 pathologists and scored using a semi-quantitative scoring system with histoscores ranging from 0 (minimum) to 300 (maximum). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by ethics board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (No. PJ2018-16-15) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.
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8

Protein Expression Analysis Protocol

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Total protein was prepared from homogenized tissues and cultured cells using RIPA buffer (Solarbio) plus protease inhibitors (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and quantified by the BCA method (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy). Immunoblots were carried out with the isolated protein as described [14 (link)]. Equal amounts of protein were resolved by electrophoresis on Criterion™ TGX™ precast 10% gels (Bio-Rad), transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (BD Biosciences), and probed with antibodies against B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2, ab182858, dilution 1:2000), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA, ab1316, dilution 1:1000), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2, ab92337, dilution 1:3000), Bcl-2 associated X (Bax, ab182733, dilution 1:2000), TMED5 (ab254795, dilution 1:1000), and β-actin (ab8227, dilution 1:3000) from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated IgG (ab205718, dilution 1:5000, Abcam) was used as the secondary antibody. Chemiluminescence was achieved by the incubation of Clarity ECL substrate (Bio-Rad). Protein blots were scanned and quantified using AIDA software (Raytek, Sheffield, UK).
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9

Immunohistochemical Detection of bFGF

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Reagents: Anti-FGF2 antibody is a rabbit monoclonal antibody (100 μL in each tube). Detection steps: All patients enrolled in this study were tested for bFGF, which was completed in the molecular laboratory of our hospital. The specimens were fixed with 3.7% neutral formaldehyde, paraffin embedded tissue sections (3–4 μm thick, attached to a charge slide) and stained with Benchmark automatic immunohistochemistry (Roche, Switzerland) to perform detectionof bFGF using streptavidin-perosidase (SP) method. In the IHC protocol of SP method, primary antibody of bFGF (catalog number: ab92337, Abcam) was added and incubated in refrigerator at 4°C overnight, and the color development degree was mastered under the microscope. The selection, preparation, and interpretation of the specimens’ results were completed in the Pathology Department.
Interpretation of bFGF results: bFGF is expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane when there are brownish-yellow particles in the above parts of cells. Moreover, the cells are determined as positive or no positive cells. A positive cell percentage of <25% was defined as (−), a positive cell percentage of≥25% and <50% was defined as (+), a positive cell percentage of≥50% and <75% was defined as (++), and a positive cell percentage of ≥75% was defined as (+++).
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10

Molecular Mechanisms of Leonurine in Cholesterol Regulation

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Leonurine (SML0670) was purchased from Sigma. PJ34 (HY-13688A) was purchased from MCE. Cholesterol was purchased from Sigma (C4951). Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent (L3000150), TRIzol Plus RNA Purification Kit (12183555), Maxima First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (K1671) and PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix (A25742) were purchased from Thermo. The Total Cholesterol Content Assay Kit (BC1980) and MTT (M8180) were purchased from Solarbio. DMEM (670087) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) (10099) were purchased from Gibco. Anti-phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K, ab74136), protein kinase B (AKT, ab179463), p-AKT (ab38449), mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR, ab2732), p-mTOR (ab109268), nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65, ab16502), p-NF-κB (ab86299), IKK (ab178870), Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2, ab209217), TLR4 (ab22048), ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1, ab18180), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1, ab52617), vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGF-α, ab52917), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2, ab92337), Beclin1 (ab207612) and autophagy-related 5 (ATG5, ab108327) were purchased from Abcam. VEGF-α (ab100751), FGF (ab100670), interleukin (IL)-1β (ab100704), and IL-10 (ab108870) ELISA kits were purchased from Abcam. HEK293T (CRL-1573) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
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