Current-density-voltage characteristics of the devices were measured under 1 sun AM1.5G illumination by a SP300B solar simulator (Sciencetech, London, UK) equipped with a model 2450 what? (Keithley, Cleveland, OH, USA). The potential scan direction was from short-circuit to open-circuit, and the devices were masked off by a 0.158 cm2 black metal mask. Incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) measurements were recorded using a halogen lamp (HL-2000, Ocean-Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) with a monochromator (CM110 Spectral Products, Putnam, CT, USA) and a Keithley 2450 what? The devices as well as the reference photodiode (FDS100-CAL, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) were covered with a mask size of 0.049 cm2.
Fds100 cal
Manufactured by Thorlabs
Sourced in United States
The FDS100-CAL is a compact, photodetector calibration module designed for use with Thorlabs' line of photodiode detectors. It provides a stable, calibrated optical power source for detector calibration and testing.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hl 2000, by OceanOptics (1 mentions)
Labview, by National Instruments (1 mentions)
Methylamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Butylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phenylethylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrobromic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lead 2 oxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hypophosphorous acid h3po2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 2 2 1 3 5 benzinetriyl tris 1 phenyl 1 h benzimidazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethylformamide dmf, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ts 428, by Teledyne (1 mentions)
9 protocols using fds100 cal
1
Characterizing Photovoltaic Device Performance
2
Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication
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Poly-TPD was dissolved in chlorobenzene at a concentration of 6 mg/ml. The Poly-TPD solution was spin-coated on ITO substrate at 1000 rpm, followed by annealing at 150 °C for 20 min. The poly-TPD layer was treated by O2 plasma for 6 s to improve wetting. All blade-coated perovskite films are dried at 70 °C for 10 min to fully dry the film and ensure full reaction of the precursors without affecting the morphology and grain size substantially. The TPBi, LiF, and Al layers were sequentially thermally evaporated on top of the perovskite film with thicknesses of 40, 1.2, and 100 nm, respectively. The device areas were 0.04, 1, and 28 cm2, respectively.
The PeLEDs were measured in N2 using a homemade motorized goniometer set-up consisting of a Keithley 2400 sourcemeter unit, a calibrated Si photodiode (FDS-100-CAL, Thorlabs), a picoammeter (4140B, Agilent), and a calibrated fiber optic spectrophotometer (UVN-SR, StellarNet Inc.). The distance between LED device and photodetector is 59.5 mm.
The PeLEDs were measured in N2 using a homemade motorized goniometer set-up consisting of a Keithley 2400 sourcemeter unit, a calibrated Si photodiode (FDS-100-CAL, Thorlabs), a picoammeter (4140B, Agilent), and a calibrated fiber optic spectrophotometer (UVN-SR, StellarNet Inc.). The distance between LED device and photodetector is 59.5 mm.
3
Controlled Light Stimulation for Retinal Recordings
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Light stimulation was accomplished with a LED (Luxeon Rebel LXML-PM01-0100, λmax = 532 nm; Lumileds, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The homogeneity of the full field stimulus beam on the retina was verified with a camera-based beam profiler (Model SP503U; Spiricon Laser Beam Diagnostics, Ophir-Spiricon Inc., Logan, UT, USA). 1 ms light flashes were used to stimulate the retina. The absolute light intensity incident on the retina was measured with a calibrated photodiode (FDS100-cal; Thorlabs GmbH, Newton, NJ, USA). The amounts of rhodopsin photoisomerizations in rods (R*rod−1 or R*rod−1 s−1) caused by the stimuli were calculated based on the rod outer segments dimensions (Ø = 1.4 µm, l = 24 µm), the LED emission spectrum, the photodiode spectral sensitivity curve, and the pigment template24 (link) as described in25 (link).
In addition, a closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controlled feedback from the recorded LERG-OS voltage signal to the light source was used in the cGMP clamp procedure to keep the recorded signal constant by adjusting the background light level after the introduction of PDE inhibitor IBMX to the retina. The closed-loop light control was accomplished digitally in LabVIEW software.
In addition, a closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controlled feedback from the recorded LERG-OS voltage signal to the light source was used in the cGMP clamp procedure to keep the recorded signal constant by adjusting the background light level after the introduction of PDE inhibitor IBMX to the retina. The closed-loop light control was accomplished digitally in LabVIEW software.
4
Photovoltaic Device Electrical Characterization
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J–V curves were obtained under 1
sun illumination AM 1.5G
illumination provided by a Sciencetech SP300B solar simulator, calibrated
with a Newport Reference Cell (91150V), connected to a Keithley 2450
SourceMeter. A mask with an active area of 0.159 cm2 was
used on all the J–V measurements.
IPCE measurements were carried out using a halogen lamp (Ocean Optics
HL-2000) and a monochromator (Spectral Products CM110) connected to
a Keithley 2450. The devices and the reference photodiode (Thorlabs,
FDS100-CAL) were covered with a mask with a size of 0.049 cm2. The electrochemical impedance properties were measured under constant
illumination at 479 nm (12.6 mW cm–2) and following
the procedure we reported in our previous publication.35 (link)
sun illumination AM 1.5G
illumination provided by a Sciencetech SP300B solar simulator, calibrated
with a Newport Reference Cell (91150V), connected to a Keithley 2450
SourceMeter. A mask with an active area of 0.159 cm2 was
used on all the J–V measurements.
IPCE measurements were carried out using a halogen lamp (Ocean Optics
HL-2000) and a monochromator (Spectral Products CM110) connected to
a Keithley 2450. The devices and the reference photodiode (Thorlabs,
FDS100-CAL) were covered with a mask with a size of 0.049 cm2. The electrochemical impedance properties were measured under constant
illumination at 479 nm (12.6 mW cm–2) and following
the procedure we reported in our previous publication.35 (link)
5
Semiconductor Photoelectrochemical Characterization
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All measurements
have been
performed in a 3-electrode cell. The cell was filled with 10 mL of
1 M NaOH electrolyte solution (pH 13.6) and platinum gauze was used
as a counter electrode. The sample was irradiated at the electrolyte/semiconductor
interface and the illuminated area was determined to be 0.5026 cm2. Potentials were applied against a silver/silver chloride
reference electrode, with saturated KCl solution (E = +0.197 V vs NHE). Potentials are converted to potentials against
the reversible hydrogen potential (VRHE), according to
the Nernst equation. Potentials were applied between the sample and
the reference electrode using a ministat from Sycopel Scientific Ltd.
Illumination was provided by one or two LEDs (LZ1–10U600,
LedEngin Inc.), emitting at 365 nm. The light intensity was controlled
by applying a fixed current (from 0.1 to 0.7 A) and adapting the voltage
source to minimize stabilization time. The light intensity was measured
by a Si photodiode (FDS100-CAL from Thorlabs), placed at the same
position as the sample.
have been
performed in a 3-electrode cell. The cell was filled with 10 mL of
1 M NaOH electrolyte solution (pH 13.6) and platinum gauze was used
as a counter electrode. The sample was irradiated at the electrolyte/semiconductor
interface and the illuminated area was determined to be 0.5026 cm2. Potentials were applied against a silver/silver chloride
reference electrode, with saturated KCl solution (E = +0.197 V vs NHE). Potentials are converted to potentials against
the reversible hydrogen potential (VRHE), according to
the Nernst equation. Potentials were applied between the sample and
the reference electrode using a ministat from Sycopel Scientific Ltd.
Illumination was provided by one or two LEDs (LZ1–10U600,
LedEngin Inc.), emitting at 365 nm. The light intensity was controlled
by applying a fixed current (from 0.1 to 0.7 A) and adapting the voltage
source to minimize stabilization time. The light intensity was measured
by a Si photodiode (FDS100-CAL from Thorlabs), placed at the same
position as the sample.
6
Retinal Light Stimulation with PID Control
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Light stimulation was accomplished with 1 ms flashes from a LED light source (Luxeon Rebel LXML-PM01-0100, λmax = 532 nm; Lumileds, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The stimuli illuminated the whole retina homogeneously as verified with a camera-based beam profiler (Spiricon Laser Beam Diagnostics Model SP503U). The absolute light intensity incident on retina was measured with a calibrated photodiode (Thorlabs GmbH FDS100-cal). The number of rhodopsin isomerizations (R*rod−1 or R*rod−1 s−1) caused by the stimulus was calculated based on the LED and photodiode spectra, respectively, and the pigment template by Govardovskii et al. (2000) as described in Heikkinen et al.50 (link).
A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled closed loop feedback from the recorded ERG voltage signal to the light source was developed in order to keep the recorded signal constant when the PDE inhibitor was introduced to the retina. The light control feedback was carried out digitally with LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA).
A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled closed loop feedback from the recorded ERG voltage signal to the light source was developed in order to keep the recorded signal constant when the PDE inhibitor was introduced to the retina. The light control feedback was carried out digitally with LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA).
7
Organic Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication
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N,N′‐Bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine (TPD), butylamine (BA), phenylethylamine (PEA), methylamine hydrochloride (MACl), lead (II) oxide, hydrobromic acid (HBr), hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2), 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐benzinetriyl)‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1‐H‐benzimidazole)(TPBi), and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich and used as received. Calibrated silicon diode (FDS100‐Cal, Thor Labs), Ocean Optics (USB 4000), Kiethley 236, and Keithley 2400 were used for current voltage characteristics and radiance measurement.
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N,N′‐Bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine (TPD), butylamine (BA), phenylethylamine (PEA), methylamine hydrochloride (MACl), lead (II) oxide, hydrobromic acid (HBr), hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2), 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐benzinetriyl)‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1‐H‐benzimidazole)(TPBi), and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich and used as received. Calibrated silicon diode (FDS100‐Cal, Thor Labs), Ocean Optics (USB 4000), Kiethley 236, and Keithley 2400 were used for current voltage characteristics and radiance measurement.
8
Sensitive Quantum Efficiency Measurements
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Sensitive external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements were performed using a custom-built setup. White light from a tungsten-halogen light source (Princeton Instruments, TS-428, 250 W) was diffracted by wavelength using a monochromator (Princeton Instruments, Spectra-Pro HRS300, Triple Grating Imaging Spectrograph).
Using spectral filters (Thorlabs, edge pass and long pass filters), stray light and higher-order diffractions were removed. The light was modulated using a chopper wheel (Stanford Research Systems, SR450, Optical Chopper) before being focused onto the device under testing. The resulting photocurrent was pre-amplified (Zürich Instruments, HF2TA Current Amplifier) before being read out by a Lock-In amplifier (Zürich Instruments, HF2LI Lock-In Amplifier). The EQE spectra were calculated via calibrated silicon (Thorlabs, FDS100-CAL) and InGaAs (Thorlabs, FGA21-CAL) photodiodes. Temperature-dependent EQE measurements were performed by mounting the sample in a cryostat (Linkam, LTS420 Stage).
Using spectral filters (Thorlabs, edge pass and long pass filters), stray light and higher-order diffractions were removed. The light was modulated using a chopper wheel (Stanford Research Systems, SR450, Optical Chopper) before being focused onto the device under testing. The resulting photocurrent was pre-amplified (Zürich Instruments, HF2TA Current Amplifier) before being read out by a Lock-In amplifier (Zürich Instruments, HF2LI Lock-In Amplifier). The EQE spectra were calculated via calibrated silicon (Thorlabs, FDS100-CAL) and InGaAs (Thorlabs, FGA21-CAL) photodiodes. Temperature-dependent EQE measurements were performed by mounting the sample in a cryostat (Linkam, LTS420 Stage).
9
Characterization of Solar Cell Performance
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The J–V measurements were carried out with a xenon lamp-based solar simulator (Enlitech SS-F5-3A, Class AAA) and a source meter (Keithley 2400). The simulated AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm−2) was calibrated by a standard silicon cell (traced to NREL, SRC-2020). The solar cells were measured with a metal mask with an area of 7.485 mm2 to accurately define the active area. The voltage was applied from −0.2 to 1.3 V with a scanning rate of 0.2 V s−1, and the voltage step was 20 mV. All devices were measured immediately after fabrication in an N2 glovebox. The IPCE was measured in a.c. mode on the xenon lamp-based system (Newport TLS260-300X). The scan range was from 300 to 1,000 nm. The solar cells were measured in LED mode in N2 using a home-made motorized goniometer set-up consisting of a source meter unit (Keithley 2400), a calibrated Si photodiode (FDS-100-CAL, Thorlabs), a pico-ammeter (4140B, Agilent) and a calibrated fibre optic spectrophotometer (UVN-SR, StellarNet Inc.). The distance between the LED device and the photodetector was 59.5 mm.
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