Gallic acid

Manufactured by Carl Roth

Sourced in Germany

Gallic acid is a chemical compound that functions as an antioxidant. It is a naturally occurring phenolic acid found in various plants and can be used in laboratory settings.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (7 mentions) P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Ferulic acid, by Carl Roth (4 mentions) Apigenin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Quercitrin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Kaempferol, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Rutin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Avantor (4 mentions) Luteolin, by Carl Roth (3 mentions) Myricetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Isoquercitrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Quercetin, by Carl Roth (3 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Patuletin, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Sinapic acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Gentisic acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Hyperoside, by Merck Group (2 mentions)

24 protocols using gallic acid

Determination of Total Phenolic Content

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent according to a modified methodology [51 (link)]. Samples were prepared in 96-well microplates, where 10 μL of the extract was mixed with 50 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (1:9 w/v in water) (VWR International GmbH, Vienna, Austria). Microplate contents were mixed well and incubated for 5 min, then 40 μL of 10% Na₂CO₃ was added. After 1 h of incubation in the dark, sample absorption at a wavelength of 725 nm was measured.
Gallic acid (>98%, Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used for the calibration curve: y = 0.0241x + 0.0206 (R² = 0.9912).
TPC is expressed as micrograms of Gallic acid equivalent in one gram of fresh mass (mg/g):
where C is the concentration obtained from the calibration curve (mg/mL); V—extract volume (ml); m—weight of fresh biomass extracted (g).

Beniušytė E., Čėsnienė I., Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė V, & Vaitiekūnaitė D. (2023). Genotype-Dependent Jasmonic Acid Effect on Pinus sylvestris L. Growth and Induced Systemic Resistance Indicators. Plants, 12(2), 255.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Quantifying Total Phenolic Content

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the modified Folin–Ciocalteu method described by Beretta et al. [23 (link)]. The method is based on the reaction of phenolic compounds with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent in an acidic medium, resulting in a colored product. The color intensity, which is proportional to the concentration of total phenolic content in the sample solution, is measured at a wavelength of 750 nm. Gallic acid (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used for quantification, and the results are expressed as mg Gallic acid/kg honey.

Prđun S., Flanjak I., Svečnjak L., Primorac L., Lazarus M., Orct T., Bubalo D, & Bilić Rajs B. (2022). Characterization of Rare Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) Honey from Croatia. Foods, 11(19), 3025.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Determination of Phenolic Content

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The determination of the phenolic content was performed with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent according to the method of Goiris et al. (2012) . Briefly, 2 mL ethanol/water (3/1) was added to 100 mg freeze dried puree. The samples were vortexed every 5 min, for 30 min, followed by centrifugation (10 min, 750 g, room temperature). The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube. The previous steps were repeated and both extracts were pooled. 200 µL extract was mixed with 1.5 mL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted 10 times with water) and placed at room temperature. After 5 min, 1.5 mL sodium bicarbonate (60 g/L) solution was added. After an incubation time of 90 min, the mixture was spectrophotometrically measured at 750 nm. The blank of the reagent was measured by using 200 µL ethanol/water (3/1) instead of 200 µL extract. A calibration curve of gallic acid was set up by using 200 µL gallic acid (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) solution (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/L) instead of 200 µL extract. The determination of phenolic content was performed in duplicate.

Gheysen L., Lagae N., Devaere J., Goiris K., Goos P., Bernaerts T., Van Loey A., De Cooman L, & Foubert I. (2019). Impact of Nannochloropsis sp. dosage form on the oxidative stability of n-3 LC-PUFA enriched tomato purees. Food chemistry, 279.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Quantification of Oxidative Stress Markers and Signaling Pathways

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

2-thiobarbituric acid and EDTA-Na₂ were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), absolute ethanol and n-butanol were purchased from Chimopar (Bucharest, Romania). o-Phthaldehyde and Bradford reagent were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemicals GmbH (Germany). Antibodies against HDAC1 (Cat# sc-56683, RRID : AB_783697), MeCP2 (Cat# sc-5755, RRID : AB_648930), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and secondary HRP-linked antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany. The test for quantification of phospho-NFkB p65 (Ser536) InstantOne™ ELISA was bought from Blue Gene, China. Glucose levels were measured by using a kit supplied by Diagnosticum Rt (Hungary). Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, apigenin, quercetin, iso quercitrin, quercitrin, hyperoside, kaempferol, myricetin, fisetin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Ferulic acid, sinapic acid, gentisic acid, gallic acid, patuletin, luteolin from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and cichoric acid, caftaric acid were obtained from Dalton (Toronto, Canada). HPLC grade m ethanol, ethanol and all reagents for spectrophotometric assays were purchased from Merck (Germany). All chemicals and reagents were of high-grade purity.

Sevastre-Berghian A.C., Ielciu I., Mitre A.O., Filip G.A., Oniga I., Vlase L., Benedec D., Gheldiu A.M., Toma V.A., Mihart B., Mihuţ A., Bâldea I., Olteanu D., Chis I.C., Clichici S.V, & Hanganu D. (2020). Targeting Oxidative Stress Reduction and Inhibition of HDAC1, MECP2, and NF-kB Pathways in Rats With Experimentally Induced Hyperglycemia by Administration of Thymus marshallianus Willd. Extracts. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 581470.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Determination of Antioxidant Activity

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The following substances and solvents were used in this study: ethanol 96% (v/v), (AB Strumbras, Kaunas, Lithuania), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 99%), DPPH^• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radical), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), Na₂CO_3, potassium acetate, acetic acid, TPTZ (2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine) (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (Vaseline-Fabrik Rhenania, Bonn, Germany), DMCA (4-(dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde), neutral detergent solution (ANKOM, Macedon, NY, USA), Sodium sulfite—Na₂SO₃, anhydrous (FSS, ANKOM Technology, City, Macedon, USA), and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (FSS, ANKOM Technology, Macedon, NY, USA).

Streimikyte P., Kailiuviene J., Mazoniene E., Puzeryte V., Urbonaviciene D., Balciunaitiene A., Liapman T.D., Laureckas Z., Viskelis P, & Viskelis J. (2022). The Biochemical Alteration of Enzymatically Hydrolysed and Spontaneously Fermented Oat Flour and Its Impact on Pathogenic Bacteria. Foods, 11(14), 2055.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Phytochemical Profiling of Medicinal Extracts

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

96% Ethanol (POCH, Gliwice, Poland) and purified water (produced by Merck Millipore, Simplicity UV system) used during extraction complied with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine [35 ]; chemicals for phytochemical screening: ethanol (POCH, Gliwice, Poland), DMSO, p.a. (POCH, Gliwice, Poland), hydrochloric acid, p.a. (Sobstar, Zaporizhia, Ukraine), acetic acid, puriss. (PJSC AZOT, Cherkasy, Ukraine), lead (II) acetate, p.a. (Unikhim Ltd., Novbosibirsk, Russia), aluminum chloride, p.a., granulated zinc, p.a. (PC Uralskiy zavod khimicheskih reaktivov, Moscow, Russia), ferric (III) chloride, puriss (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA), gallic acid (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) chlorogenic acid and rutin were of analytical grade (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA USA); acetonitrile and formic acid for UHPLC was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louise, USA.

Ilina T., Kashpur N., Granica S., Bazylko A., Shinkovenko I., Kovalyova A., Goryacha O, & Koshovyi O. (2019). Phytochemical Profiles and In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Galium aparine L.. Plants, 8(12), 541.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

HPLC Purification and Characterization of Polyphenols

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Quercetin (12, >98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Gallic acid (1, >98%), hyperoside (8, >95%), isoquercitrin (10, >95%), and polyamide (particle size: 0.05–0.16 mm) were from Carl Roth. HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol (Reuss Chemie AG), and distilled water were used for HPLC separations.
Preparative HPLC was carried out on an LC 8A preparative liquid chromatograph equipped with a SPD-M10A VP PDA detector (all Shimadzu). A SunFire C₁₈ column (150 × 30 mm i.d., 5 μm; Waters) connected to a pre-column (10 × 10 mm) was used, at a flow rate of 20 mL/min. HPLC-based activity profiling was performed on an Agilent 1100 system equipped with a PDA detector. A SunFire C₁₈ column (150 × 10 mm i.d., 5 μm; Waters) connected to a pre-column (10 × 10 mm) was used. The flow rate was 4 mL/min. Time-based fractions were collected with a Gilson FC204 fraction collector. ESI-MS spectra were obtained on an Esquire 3000 Plus ion trap mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). NMR spectra were recorded on an Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin) equipped with a 1-mm TXI microprobe.

Guldbrandsen N., De Mieri M., Gupta M., Liakou E., Pratsinis H., Kletsas D., Chaita E., Aligiannis N., Skaltsounis A.L, & Hamburger M. (2014). Screening of Panamanian Plants for Cosmetic Properties, and HPLC-Based Identification of Constituents with Antioxidant and UV-B Protecting Activities. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 83(1), 177-190.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Folin-Ciocalteu Assay for Total Phenolic Content

Cited 1 time

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

TPC was determined by using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, according to Čėsnienė et al. (2023) [51 (link)] methodology. Analysis was performed in 96-well microplates; the reaction mixture consisted of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (1:10) (VWR International GmbH, Vienna, Austria) and Na₂CO₃ (10%) (Firma Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland). When 10 µL extract was mixed with 90 µL reaction mixture, samples were incubated at room temperature in the dark for 1 h. After incubation, the TPC was measured at a wavelength of 725 nm. Gallic acid (>98%, Carl Roth GmbH+Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as a standard and TPC was expressed as micrograms of Gallic acid equivalents in one gram of fresh weight (mg GA/g FW). The calculation is shown in Formula (1). The calibration curve was: y = 0.093x + 0.0065 (R² = 0.994).

where C is the concentration obtained from the calibration curve (µg/mL); V—volume of the extract (mL); M—weight of the fresh biomass extracted (g).

Čėsna V., Čėsnienė I., Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė V, & Marčiulynienė D. (2024). Changes in Biologically Active Compounds in Pinus sylvestris Needles after Lymantria monacha Outbreaks and Treatment with Foray 76B. Plants, 13(2), 328.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Arabica Coffee Production Bioanalysis

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Samples from Arabica species were used in this work. Depulped coffee beans, initial fermented coffee beans, final fermented coffee beans, green coffee beans, coffee pulp, parchment, pulping coffee wastewater, fermentation coffee wastewater, and washing coffee wastewater were obtained from a pilot batch processing (Rio Colorado Company, located in Palencia, Guatemala) and from a continuous pilot process (Santa Sofia Company, located in Santa Rosa, Guatemala). Coffee bean and by-product samples were collected directly at each stage of the production, stored at −20 °C and then transferred to the laboratory under refrigeration conditions.
Ascorbic acid (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as standards for the determination of the antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and gallic acid (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) were used for the determination of phenolic compounds. All the other chemicals and reagents used were at least of analytical grade.

Figueroa Campos G.A., Sagu S.T., Saravia Celis P, & Rawel H.M. (2020). Comparison of Batch and Continuous Wet-Processing of Coffee: Changes in the Main Compounds in Beans, By-Products and Wastewater. Foods, 9(8), 1135.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Analytical Methods for Phytochemical Analysis

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Deionized water was produced using Millipore Simplicty UV station (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Acetonitrile, formic acid, ethanol was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). Chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, rutin, gallic acid were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). L-arginine, Tween-80 and aluminum chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sant Louis, MI, USA). Querectin was bought from Borschagovsky CPP (Kyiv, Ukraine) and fructose—from LLC Company ”Ukrhimsyre” (Kharkiv, Ukraine). Blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ch-HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ch-LDL) (Felitis-Diagnostics, Ukraine) insulin (DRG, Germany) and triacylglycerols (TAG, Lachema, Czech Republic) were determined in blood serum using standard sets of reagents. Chemical standards used for HPLC analysis were previously isolated and identified in the Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw.

Koshovyi O., Granica S., Piwowarski J.P., Stremoukhov O., Kostenko Y., Kravchenko G., Krasilnikova O, & Zagayko A. (2021). Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Leaves Extract and Its Modified Arginine Preparation for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome—Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity in Rat Model. Nutrients, 13(8), 2870.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!