S allyl l cysteine sac

Garlic (Alliumsativum L.) was purchased from local markets in Srisaket province (Jae Mam Phanit), Thailand. Identification was done according to an Alliaceae expert and the literature⁴⁴ . A voucher specimen (GA55001) was referenced by the Srisaket Horticultural Research Centre, Srisaket, Thailand. The garlic samples were kept at room temperature until use. The use of plants in the present study complies with international, national and institutional guidelines.
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and D-glucose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Massachusetts, USA). L-γ-Glutamyl-(S)-allyl-cysteine (GSAC) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Anhydrous sodium carbonate, aluminium chloride and potassium acetate were purchased from Loba Chemie (Mumbai, India). Ethanol was purchased from RCI Labscan Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). All other chemicals and reagents used in the experiments were analytical grade.

For simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal fluids (SSF, SGF, and SIF), sodium chloride and magnesium chloride hexahydrate were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain); sodium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain); and potassium dihydrogen phosphate was obtained from VWR International Eurolab (Barcelona, Spain). The following were used for digestion: α-amylase from human saliva (300–1500 U/mg protein), pepsin (3.2–4.5 U/mg protein), and pancreatin from porcine pancreas (4 × UPS). Bile salts and calcium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain), HCl was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and NaOH was acquired from Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain). Reference flavonoid compounds, including gallic, caffeic, coumaric, and ferulic acids, catechin, and (−)-epicatechin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Alliin, s-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), and formic acid (FA) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, and ethanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile and methanol were of LC-MS grade.