The copings of Groups A1, A2, and A3 were surface treated with 9.6% HF acid gel (Pulpdent Corporation, USA). The gel was dispensed using a prebent needle on the intaglio surfaces of the copings, left for 1 min, and rinsed with water [Figure 4 ]. The copings of Groups B1, B2, and B3 were air abraded with 110-μm Al2O3 particles (Korox 110, Bego, Germany) from a distance of 10 mm for 10 s in a sandblaster (Korostar Z, Bego, Germany). The copings from Groups C1, C2, and C3 were first air abraded with 110-μm Al2O3 particles (Rocatec Pre, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) followed by 30-μm silica-coated Al2O3 particles (Rocatec Plus, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) [Figure 5a ] on the intaglio surface of zirconia coping from the distance of approximately 10 mm for a period of 15 s, followed by application of silane coupling agent (Monobond-S, Ivoclar Vivadent AG) and allowed for 5 min for the silane reaction [Figure 5b ]. The prepared tooth was cleaned thoroughly with pumice slurry, rinsed with a water spray, and air dried before the cementation.
Rocatec plus
Manufactured by 3M
Sourced in Germany, United States
Rocatec Plus is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by 3M. It is a ceramic-based surface treatment system used for enhancing the bonding of various materials in dental and other industrial applications. The core function of Rocatec Plus is to provide a durable and reliable bonding solution for specific materials.
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6 protocols using rocatec plus
1
Surface Treatments for Zirconia Copings
2
Sandblasting Y-TZP Ceramic Bonding
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The bonding surface of the Y-TZP specimens was sandblasted with silica-coated 110 µm aluminum oxide particles (Rocatec plus, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) from a distance of 10 mm for 10 seconds at 0.3 MPa.
3
Y-TZP Surface Conditioning with HF Etching
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Tribochemical silica air-borne particles (Rocatec plus, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were used to abrade the surface of the Y-TZP specimens for 10 seconds at a distance of 10 mm at 0.3 MPa. The group whose Y-TZP surface was treated with tribochemical silica abrasion (TS) was used as the control. HF solutions at various concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% were prepared from 40% HF solution (MKBH5499V, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) using distilled water and an electronic scale. At room temperature, Y-TZP specimens were etched in a plastic box for 10 minutes with 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% HF solutions, then classified into each experimental group. After the HF etching procedure was completed, the Y-TZP specimens were cleaned ultrasonically with distilled water and then gently air-dried.
4
Cementation and Color Evaluation of Veneers
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The tooth surfaces of laminate veneers were prepared for cementation according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Zirconia veneers were air abraded with silica-modified 110 μm diameter aluminum oxide particles (Rocatec Plus, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN). LiSi veneers were etched for 20 s (K-etchant gel, Kuraray Noritake Dental), rinsed, and dried. Subsequently, the surfaces were treated with a conditioning agent (Ceramic Primer Plus, Kuraray Noritake Dental). A translucent resin cement (Panavia V5 Clear, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was applied to each veneer, placed on a resin die (L = 77.1, a = 1.4, b = 18.4), and seated with finger pressure for 1 min. The excess cement was then removed, and the restoration was light cured for 20 s from labial and palatal surfaces.
After cementation, final L, a, b values of the restorations were measured twice by a spectrophotometer, and the average value was taken. The color difference between the veneers of different thicknesses was calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula [23 (link)].
After cementation, final L, a, b values of the restorations were measured twice by a spectrophotometer, and the average value was taken. The color difference between the veneers of different thicknesses was calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula [23 (link)].
5
Ceramic Surface Preparation and Bonding
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All specimens were air abraded with Rocatec Plus (3 M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) using a sandblaster (Basic Master, Renfert, Germany) at a pressure of 0.28 MPa, distance of 10 mm and angle of 45°, for 15 s. Following air abrasion, Rely X Ceramic primer (3 M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) was applied on all ceramic slices with a microbrush for 5 s and dried with an oil free air jet. Subsequently, the experimental adhesives were applied with a microbrush and an oil free air jet was applied 10 mm distant from the ceramic surface at an angle of 45° for 5 s. Light-activation was performed for 10 s, according to the adhesive allocated for each group as presented in Table 1 .
6
Surface Treatments of Y-TZP Dental Ceramics
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The schematic setup of the experiment is in Figure 1. Pre-sintered blocks of three Y-TZP dental ceramics: Lava Frame (LF) and Lava Plus (LP), (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and IPS ZirCad (IZ), (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were sectioned using a diamond disk (Isomet 1000; Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) in order to produce 20 plates (10 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm) for each ceramic. After sinterization according to each manufacturer's instructions, the plates were ultrasonicated in distilled water for 5 min, polished with 600-, 1200-and 4000-grit SiC abrasive paper (DPU-10; Struers, Ballerup, Denmark). The plates were randomly divided into four groups (n=5) according to the following surface treatments: AS: assintered surface; 30: air-abrasion with 30 mm Si-coated Al 2 O 3 particles (Rocatec Plus, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany); 50: air-abrasion with 50 mm Al 2 O 3 and 150: air-abrasion with 150 mm Al 2 O 3 particles. The three treatments were applied orthogonally to the ceramic surfaces at a pressure of 2.5 bar for 15 s at a 10 mm distance. After the treatments, the plates were ultrasonicated in distilled water for 5 min and air-dried in a glass desiccator containing freshly dried silica gel.
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