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Focus 7

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The Focus 7 is a laboratory instrument designed for precise focus control. It features a high-resolution digital display, fine-tuning knobs, and a sturdy construction for reliable operation in various laboratory settings.

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6 protocols using focus 7

1

Microscopic Examination of Arachnid Specimens

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The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details of body parts and measurements were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were air-dried, sputter coated using IXRF SYSTEMS, and imaged with a Hitachi TM3030 SEM. Photos were stacked using Helicon Focus 7.6.1 and processed using Adobe Photoshop 21.1.2. All measurements in the text are expressed in millimeters. Terminology and taxonomic descriptions follow Henrard and Jocqué (2012) (link) and Tong and Li (2011) (link). All material studied is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ARe = anterior receptaculum; AUS = anterior uterine sclerite; Mp = median projection of clypeus; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; Po = pore-like structure; Pp = posterior plate; Pr = protrusions; Se = serrula; So = slit organs; Ss = stomate-like structure; To = triangular outgrowth.
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2

Stereo and Compound Microscopy Imaging

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The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereo microscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were air-dried, sputter coated using IXRF SYSTEMS and imaged with a Hitachi TM3030 SEM. Photos were stacked using Helicon Focus 7.6.1 and processed using Adobe Photoshop ver. 21.1.2. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. Measurements of palps are given as follows: total length (femur + patella + tibia + tarsus).
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures:
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3

Hymenoptera Specimen Preparation and Imaging

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All specimens were collected by sweeping or yellow-pan trapping, and were dissected and mounted in Canada balsam on slides following the method of Noyes (1982) (link), or mounted on a card. Slide-mounted specimens were photographed with a digital CCD camera attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Specimens on cards were photographed with an Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T microscope. Measurements were made using the built-in software of Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T. The quality of these photos was improved by using Helicon Focus 7 and Adobe Photoshop 2020.
Terminology follows the Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2022) for most body parts except the callus, which follows Gibson (1997) . The following abbreviations are used:
F1–3 flagellomeres 1–3;
MV marginal vein;
OOL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and corresponding eye margin;
PMV postmarginal vein;
POL minimum distance between posterior ocelli;
SMV submarginal vein;
STV stigmal vein.
All type material is deposited in the insect collections at Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), Harbin, China.
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4

Hymenoptera Insect Specimen Collection and Imaging Protocol

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Specimens were collected by sweep nets, yellow-pan traps, and Malaise traps from northeast and southwest China, and were fixed on triangular cards or dissected and mounted in Canada Balsam on slides following methods described by Noyes (1982) (link). Photographs were taken with an Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T digital microscope or a digital CCD camera attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The quality of these images was improved by using Helicon Focus 7 and Adobe Photoshop 2020. Measurements were made using the built-in software of Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T.
Terminology follows the Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2023) , and the following abbreviations are used:
C1–2 clavomeres 1–2;
F1–3 funiculars 1–3;
HE height of eye;
MS malar space;
MV marginal vein;
OOL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and corresponding eye margin;
PMV postmarginal vein;
POL minimum distance between posterior ocelli;
SMV submarginal vein;
STV stigmal vein;
WM width of mouth opening.
Type material is deposited in the insect collections at Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), Harbin, China. Abbreviations for other depositories:
EIHUEntomological Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Japan;
HNHMHungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
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5

Insect Collection and Imaging Protocol

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All specimens were collected by sweeping or yellow-pan trapping, and they were dissected and mounted in Canada balsam on slides following the method of Noyes (1982) (link) or mounted on cards. Slide-mounted specimens were photographed with a digital CCD camera attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Specimens on card were photographed with an Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T microscope. Measurements were made using the built-in software of the Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T. The quality of these photos was improved by using Helicon Focus 7 and Adobe Photoshop 2020.
Terminology follows the Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2022) for most body parts except the callus, which follows Gibson (1997) . The following abbreviations are used:
F1–4 flagellomeres 1–4;
MV marginal vein;
OOL minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and corresponding eye margin;
PMV postmarginal vein;
POL minimum distance between posterior ocelli;
SMV submarginal vein;
STV stigmal vein.
All type material is deposited in the insect collections at Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), Harbin, China.
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6

Hymenoptera Specimen Preparation and Imaging

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Specimens were collected by Malaise traps and sweeping nets and were mounted on a card, or dissected and mounted in Canada Balsam on slides following methods described by Noyes (1982) (link). Photos were taken with an Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T digital microscope or a digital CCD camera attached to an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The quality of these photos was improved by using Helicon Focus 7 and Adobe Photoshop 2020. Measurements were made using the built-in software of Aosvi AO-HK830-5870T.
Terminology follows the Hymenoptera Anatomy Consortium (2021) , and the following abbreviations are used: F1–5–flagellomeres 1–5; HE–height of eye; MS–malar space; MV–marginal vein; OOL–minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and corresponding eye margin; PMV– postmarginal vein; POL–minimum distance between posterior ocelli; SMV–submarginal vein; STV–stigmal vein; WM–width of mouth opening.
Type material is deposited in the insect collections at Northeast Forestry University (NEFU), Harbin, China.
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