Atrogin 1

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of HF was measured in serum using ELISA kit (MyBioSource, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States). In addition, the following parameters were estimated in tissue homogenates using the corresponding ELISA kits; IL-17 (Sinogeneclon Co., Ltd., China), IL-6 (Chongqing Biospes Co., Ltd., China), P-STAT-3 (Creative Diagnostics; NY, United States), Bax, Bcl2, IL-23, TGF-β, PAF, and atrogin-1 (MyBioSource, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States). A specific ELISA kit (ab176657, Cambridge, MA, United States) were used to measure both p-Akt (Ser473) and total Akt in tissue homogenate.

We assessed by ELISA, following the provider instructions, the plasma levels of TRIM63 (MyBioSource, California, USA) and atrogin-1 (MyBioSource, California, USA) as markers of muscle atrophy. The serum concentrations of HIF-1α (Thermofisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) and 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) to address tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress, and the plasma levels of TRIM21 (MyBioSource, California, USA) as part of the antiviral innate immune response were measured by a commercial ELISA as well.
Noteworthy, all the samples were processed by investigators blinded to the COVID-19 severity and outcome of each included subject.