S 4160

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR) spectra were tested at 25°C via ¹HNMR (400 mHz) Bruker spectrometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the samples were recorded by Shimadzu 8101M FT-IR (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at the wavenumber ranges of 400 to 4000 cm^–1. Laser-scattering technique (Zetasizer Nano ZS90; Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) were used to measure the average diameter at 25°C. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM; AGFM, Kashan, Iran) was used to probe the magnetic properties of nanoparticles at ambient temperature. The surface morphology and size of nanocarriers were observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX; S4160 Hitachi, Japan).

UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV-1800 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer from (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) in the 200–800 nm range was utilized to characterize nanoparticles to confirm the produced green-synthesized ZnO NPs. To determine the functional groups of the specimens, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze them over a wavelength range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The crystalline structure form of the produced nanoparticles was analyzed using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer (Billerica, MA, USA) with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Furthermore, the morphology and size of green-synthesized ZnO NPs were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, HITACHI, S-4160, Tokyo, Japan). Thin films of the ZnO NPs were prepared on a cover slide grid by dropping a little amount of sample over the cover slide grid and allowing it to dry at room temperature before visualizing under FESEM.
DLS and Zeta analyses of ZnO NPs were performed using a particle size analyzer (Malvern Zetasizer, Malvern, England) and zeta potential measurement using (Horiba SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer) to investigate particles’ size and surface charge of prepared NPs. The electrostatic potential of the particles was determined using an ultrasonic dispersion of 0.01 g 100 mL⁻¹ in DMSO at room temperature.

The morphological properties of the synthesized nanocarriers and drug-nanocarriers were assessed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy. For the fabricated nanogels, one drop of the dissolved nanogels were placed on the aluminum foil and let dry. For the powder sample, the hydrogels and nanogels were sputtered with gold, and they were investigated by the FESEM instrument (MIRA3 FEG-SEM, Tescan) and (Hitachi, S4160).

The chemicals were obtained from Merck company, and no excess purification was carried out. Zingiber was purchased from local market, Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran and the collection of plants materials used in current study complied with institutional, national or international guidelines. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern was recorded by the X-ray diffractometer (D5000 Siemens AG, Germany) using CuKα radiation to make phase identification. The FESEM image was taken on a Hitachi model S-4160 for morphology study. FT-IR spectra were obtained with FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). Thin-layer chromatography using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (9:1) mixture was used to evaluate the purity of the products. ¹H-NMR spectra of compounds were run on a Bruker Avance DRX-400 spectrometer using tetramethylsilane as an internal standard and dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ as solvent. Microwave-assisted procedures were performed in the Milestone Microwave Oven.