All patients underwent a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan in accordance with the National Cancer Institute guidelines [3 (link)]. The 18F-FDG PET images were obtained from a PET/CT scanner (GE Discovery ST, GE, Milwaukee, WI, USA) equipped with high-resolution bismuth germanate (BGO) detector blocks and an 8-slice CT scanner. Patients fasted for at least 4–6 hours before intravenous administration of 3.70–5.55 MBq/kg of 18F-FDG. Serum glucose levels were tested via finger-stick sampling before 18F-FDG injection and a value less than 7.0 mmol/L was required for the PET/CT study to be performed. A whole-body CT scan without IV contrast was performed for PET attenuation correction, by using a standard protocol: 140 kVp, 150 mA, slice thickness 3.75 mm, pitch 1.675, and imaging matrix 512 × 512. About sixty minutes following injection of 18F-FDG, a whole-body static PET scan was acquired for about 21–25 min, starting at the thighs and proceeding to the head, with an acquisition time of 3.5 min per cradle position, by using the 2D acquisition mode with image matrix of 128 × 128. PET images were reconstructed by using the ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) iterative algorithm. CT imaging matrices were converted to 128 × 128 and were used for attenuation correction for PET images.
Ge discovery st
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The GE Discovery ST is a medical imaging system designed for computed tomography (CT) scans. It is capable of producing high-quality images for diagnostic purposes.
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Lab products found in correlation
Ge discovery ls, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Ge discovery ste, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Ge discovery st, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Somatom definition as, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Ge revolution 256, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Definition as, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Minitrace cyclotron, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Biograph mct, by Siemens (1 mentions)
13 protocols using ge discovery st
1
Standardized Whole-Body 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
2
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for Head and Neck Cancer
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We used GE Discovery ST (GE Healthcare) which combines a light-speed CT 16-slice, in-line with PET bismuth germinate oxide detectors. No CT-intravenous contrast was administered. The slice thickness was 3.75 mm; a dedicated neck small field of view acquisition was obtained for all studies. All studies were read by a dedicated nuclear medicine physician specialized in interpreting PET scan images. The primary tumor and metabolically active LNs were individually assessed and assigned a SUV. SUVmax is defined as the maximum uptake within a metabolically active mass, and SUVmean is the average uptake within a metabolically active mass. The region of interest used for calculation of the SUVmean comprised the entire volume within the anatomical biological halo, which is the thin region of low SUV uptake surrounding the metabolically active tumor.
3
F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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As described in our previous study [20 (link)], patient preparation for 18F-FDG PET/CT included the following steps: (1) avoidance of strenuous work or exercise in the preceding 24 h, fasting for > 6 h before the scan, and measurement of fasting blood glucose levels before the scan (which were required to be < 130 mg/dL [7.2 mmol/L] before 18F-FDG injection); (2) intravenous injection of 18F-FDG in a dosage of 3.70–5.55 MBq/kg together with 10 mg furosemide to accelerate renal 18F-FDG elimination; (3) CT scan from the brain to the pelvis using a multidetector spiral CT scanner (3.75-mm slice thickness, pitch 0.875, rotation speed 140 keV, 120 mAs) before the PET scan; and (4) acquisition of whole-body PET images using a PET/CT system (GE Discovery ST; GE Medical Systems Inc., WI, USA) 60 min after tracer administration (acquisition time, 2.5 min per bed position for 6 to 7 bed positions). All the PET-scan in our study is full-body PET-scan, and nearly all the cartilaginous zones can be assessed in our patients.
4
Phantom and Patient Studies on GE PET/CT Scanners
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Phantom studies were acquired on a GE Discovery LS (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI), comprised of a full 4.0 × 8.1 × 30 mm (11) Patient studies were acquired on a GE Discovery ST, which is constructed with a full 6.0 × 6.0 × 30 mm (12) The CT employed on these scanners is a GE LightSpeed 16‐slice detector array with a tube current range of 10–140 mA, peak kilovoltage range of 80–140 kVp, and maximum gantry rotation frequency of 3 Hz.
5
PET-CT Imaging Protocol for Tumor Characterization
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18F-FDG PET-CT was performed using an integrated PET-CT scanner (GE Discovery ST; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chalfont, UK). All patients with a pre-scan glucose level of >200 mg/dl fasted for 6 h prior to the PET/CT scan, followed by intravenous administration of 7.4 MBq/kg 18F-FDG (Atom Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). PET scans between the skull base and mid-thigh levels were performed 1 h after 18F-FDG injection. Concomitant CT data were used for attenuation correction of PET images and anatomical localization of PET abnormalities. All PET-CT images were evaluated and reviewed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians from the China-Japan Friendship Hospital. The region of interest (ROI) was manually drawn around the primary tumor and the activity concentration of 18F-FDG in the ROI was determined and expressed as the standardized uptake value (SUV). The SUV was adjusted for the injected dose of 18F-FDG and the body weight of the patient using the standard software tools provided with the PET-CT scanner. In order to minimize variation according to the size of the ROIs and assure reproducibility, the maximum SUV (SUVmax) was defined as the peak SUV of the pixel with the highest counts in the sequential transaxial scans through the ROI.
6
18F-FDG PET-CT Imaging Protocol
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18F-FDG PET-CT was performed using an integrated PET-CT scanner (GE Discovery ST; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chalfont, UK). All patients were fasted for at least 6 h before PET/CT scanning, and then 7.4 MBq/kg 18F-FDG was administered intravenously. (Atom Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). One hour after 18F-FDG injection, the patient was supine and a PET scan was performed from the head to the mid-thigh. The attenuation correction and anatomical coregistration were derived from concomitant CT data without oral or intravenous contrast agents. The regional concentration of 18F-FDG was determined and expressed as the standardized uptake value (SUV). By using standard software tools provided with the PET/CT scanner, the SUV was adjusted for the injected dose of 18F-FDG and patient's weight. To minimize variation and ensure repeatability, the maximum SUV (SUVmax) was defined as the peak SUV of the pixel with the highest count in consecutive trans-axial scans. All PET/CT images will be automatically transferred to PACS after acquisition. During CNB procedure (detailed information described below), PET/CT images will be automatically matched with intraprocedural CT images using a built-in calibration software in PACS. The fusion images can also be adjusted manually by setting at least three points of common anatomical reference.
7
PET/CT Imaging Protocol for Cancer Staging
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PET/CT imaging was performed at diagnosis or staging and at treatment simulation. No restrictions were placed on the PET/CT system used. Staging imaging was performed on GE Discovery LS, GE Discovery ST, GE Discovery STE (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI), Philips Gemini TrueFlight (Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA), Siemens BioGraph HiRes Model 1080, and Siemens Biograph TruePoint Model 1093 (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) scanners. Before 2012, simulation scans were performed on a GE Discovery ST platform, and after 2012 a Siemens Somatom Definition AS platform was used. The PET/CT protocol has been previously described11 (link) and consists of 8-hour fasting with blood glucose less than 160 mg/dL before injection of 10 to 18 mCi FDG, 45 to 60 minutes of tracer uptake time, and PET/CT acquisition with helical CT for attenuation correction.
8
Standardized 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Protocol
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All participants in our study fasted for at least 4 hours before 18F-FDG injection (400 MBq). The 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were acquired with the use of a GE Discovery ST PET/CT unit (Discovery ST16; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The PET/CT system was equipped with a PET unit having 10080 bismuth germanate crystals in 24 rings and a 16-detector row transmission CT unit (912 detectors/row). First, we acquired a transmission CT scan. The voltage and the current of the tube were 120 kV and 120 mA, respectively. The pitch of the transmission CT was 1.75. Image sampling was conducted using the helical mode with a helical thickness of 3.75 mm. The image reconstruction matrices were 512 × 512. No iodinated contrast material was administered for all transmission CT images. We obtained the PET images between 40 and 60 min after intravenous administration of radiotracer from the vertex to mid-thigh. The scanning time was 3.0 min for each table position (15 cm per table position with a 3-cm overlap for every contiguous frame). We used the transmission CT to perform attenuation correction for the PET images. The image reconstruction filter was ordered-subset expectation maximization iterative reconstruction algorithm (2 iterations and 21 subsets; matrix size, 128 × 128).
9
Multimodal Imaging Protocol for Chest Diagnostics
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All the patients underwent unenhanced chest CT with a multidetector CT scanner (TOSHIBA Aquilion, Tokyo, Japan; SIEMENS Definition AS+, Munich, Germany; GE Revolution 256, GE HealthCare, Chicago, IL, USA; NMS NEuViz 128, Shenyang, China; GE Discovery ST). The CT protocol included the following parameters: tube voltage of 120 kVp, the field of view (FOV) of 320 mm by a matrix of 512×512 and the tube-current with automated modulation. Lung images were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 1.0 mm and were observed at both the lung window (level, −600 HU; width, 1,500 HU) and mediastinal window (level, 40 HU; width, 350 HU).
PET/CT imaging was performed using a GE Discovery ST-8 PET/CT scanner. 18F-FDG was produced and synthesized by the GE Mini Trace cyclotron via an automatic synthesis module, with a radiochemical purity of 95% or greater. Patients were fasted for a minimum of 6 hours before being injected 18F-FDG, at a dose of 3.70–5.55 MBq/kg. The whole body PET scans were acquired in 2-D mode and ranged from the head down to the root of the thigh. The obtained PET data were reconstructed using an ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm (6-bed positions; 3.5 minutes/bed; 128×128 matrix). All images were exported in DICOM format for feature extraction and further analysis.
PET/CT imaging was performed using a GE Discovery ST-8 PET/CT scanner. 18F-FDG was produced and synthesized by the GE Mini Trace cyclotron via an automatic synthesis module, with a radiochemical purity of 95% or greater. Patients were fasted for a minimum of 6 hours before being injected 18F-FDG, at a dose of 3.70–5.55 MBq/kg. The whole body PET scans were acquired in 2-D mode and ranged from the head down to the root of the thigh. The obtained PET data were reconstructed using an ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm (6-bed positions; 3.5 minutes/bed; 128×128 matrix). All images were exported in DICOM format for feature extraction and further analysis.
10
Histopathological Criteria and 18F-FDG PET/CT in IgG4-RD
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Tissue biopsy was performed at the time of diagnosis. According to pathologic criteria for diagnosis of IgG4-RD proposed by the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD and 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4-RD (5, 6) , we defined tissue that exhibited the following histopathological characteristics as histopathologypositive tissue: marked lymphocyte and plasmacytic infiltration with fibrosis, infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells with the ratio of IgG4+/IgG+ cells >40%, and an elevated number of IgG4+ plasma cells per high power field (>10). 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging All patients underwent a 18 F-FDG PET/ CT scan on a dedicated PET/CT system (Siemens Biograph mCT, Germany, or Siemens Biograph 16true point, Germany, or GE Discovery ST, Wisconsin, USA) consisting of a PET scanner and a 64-row multidetector CT scanner. The patients fasted for more than 5 hours before the intravenous injection of 18 F-FDG. 18 F-FDG was injected intravenously at 180-325 MBq. One hour after the 18 F-FDG injection, the scanning was performed from the middle of the thigh to the top of the skull. The CT data were used for calibration (attenuation correction). 18 F-FDG uptake was assessed at the site of major organ involvement of IgG4-RD, which could be differentiated from the normal uptake of background tissue with 18 F-FDG PET/CT.
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