Peonidin 3 arabinoside

All reagents, standards, and solvents were of analytical reagent grade. Ethanol 96% (v/v) was bought from AB Stumbras (Kaunas, Lithuania). Solvents (acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile), reagents (hydrochloric acid and 4-(dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde), and reference standards (myricetin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-α-L-arabinopyranoside, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, corosolic acid, maslinic acid, α-amyrin, and ursolic acid) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was purchased from Scharlau (Sentmenat, Spain). Formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standard for quercetin-3-glucoside was purchased from Biochemistry (Buchs, Switzerland). Standards for quercetin-3-galactoside and quercetin were bought from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Reference standards for peonidin chloride, cyanidin chloride, myricetin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin chloride, malvidin-3-arabinoside, cyaniding-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside peonidin-3-galactoside, and cyaniding-3-arabinoside were bought from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).

Acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Ethanol 96% (v/v) was purchased from Stumbras AB (Kaunas, Lithuania). Formic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The standard anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, including peonidin chloride, peonidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin chloride, cyaniding-3-galactoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside, cyaniding-3-arabinoside, malvidin chloride, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, and delphinidin-3-galactoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Excipients (sodium carboxymethylcellulose, beta-cyclodextrin, chitosan (deacetylation grade ≥ 75%, medium molecular weight)) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); PROSOLV SMCC ^TM 50 (Penwest, UK). Deionized water was prepared by a Milli-Q water purification system (Milli-Q^®, Millipore, MA, USA).

Acetonitrile (manufacturer: Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), methanol (manufacturer: Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), formic acid (manufacturer: Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), reference standards for delphinidin-3-galactoside, cyaniding-3-galactoside, cyaniding-3-glucoside, cyaniding-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin chloride, peonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). ABTS 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), potassium peroxydisulfate, sodium acetate (manufacturer: Scharlau Sentmenat, Barcelona, Spain), ferric (III) chloride hexahydrate (manufacturer: Vaseline-Fabrik Rhenania, Bonn, Germany), TPTZ (2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine) (manufacturer: Carl Roth, (Karlsruhe, Germany), acetic acid (manufacturer: Lach Ner, Neratovice, Czech Republic), hydrochloric acid (manufacturer Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), potassium chloride, and ethanol 96% (v/v) (manufacturer: AB Stumbras, Kaunas, Lithuania) were also acquired.