Deae cellulose 52

The E. prolifera were collected from the culture nets in coastal regions in Qingdao City, China. The plant was identified by Prof. Songdong Shen, School of Biology and Basic Medical, Soochow University. The DEAE-cellulose 52, Sephadex G-100, and monosaccharide standards of fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), galacturonic acid (GalA), and glucuronic acid (GlcA) were obtained from YuanYe Bio-Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). All cancer cell lines were purchased from China Life Science College (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade and were used as received without any further purification.

Fresh yam was produced in Huang-gang City (Hubei, China). The yam tuber was washed, peeled and sliced to 3 mm. After yam slices were dried using an RST-100RB heat pump dehumidification dryer (Shanghai Shiteng Electrical Co., Shanghai, China) at 55 °C for 10 h, it was ground and sieved through 100 meshes. Yam flour was stored in sealed packages in desiccators for the following experiments.
M17 broth was purchased from Hopebio Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China); standards of dextrans, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, etc., were all purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). DEAE-cellulose 52 was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Choline chloride, urea, ethanol and other analytical reagents were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Elderberry fruits were harvested from the Qingzhou Elderberry-nursery base in Shandong Province, China, in August 2019, and the dark purple kernels growing in clusters were obtained (Shandong, China). DEAE cellulose 52 and Sephadex G-100 were provided by the Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co (Shanghai, China). The monosaccharide standard methylation kit was provided by the Borealis Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Jiangsu, China). NaCl and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was provided by ACROS (Belgium). ROS fluorescent staining reagent CM-H2DCFDA was provided by the Beijing Biolab Biotechnology Co. Glutathione (GSH) was provided by Wuhan Rongcan Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China).

Water extract of Radix Astragali was provided by Zhejiang Xinguang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shengzhou, China). DEAE cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-75 were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dextrans with different molecular weights were purchased from Waters Technologies (Milford, MA, USA). 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemistry Corporation (Shanghai, China). Standard monosaccharides (mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose) and ascorbic acid were purchased from Aladdin Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The H9c2 cardiomyocytes were purchased from Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Hangzhou Sijiqing Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and DMEM medium were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Sciences & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The Langendorff’s apparatus (LGF-2) was purchased from Shanghai Wolong Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Assay kits for LDH, CK, and AST were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.

D. officinale was collected from the Zhejiang Province in China. The botanical origin of plants was identified by Pro. Gang Wei. The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was obtained from the cell bank of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China). DEAE cellulose-52 was purchased from Yuanye Biological Technology Co. (Shanghai, China), and Sephacryl S-300 was purchased from GE HealthCare Biosciences AB (Uppsala, Sweden). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from Escherichia coli serotype O111:B4), and concanavalin A (ConA, Type IV) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The nitric oxide (NO) assay kit and the Hoechst staining kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Jiangsu, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Cordyceps cicadae spore powder, bacterium substance, and pure powder were all purchased from Anhui Cordyceps Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Anhui, CHN), and were obtained using the new Paecilomyces cicadae strain APC-20 and patented artificial culture and fermentation technology. DEAE-Cellulose-52 was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, CHN). Monosaccharide standard and a series of glucans of different molecular weights (180, 2700, 5250, 9750, 13,050, 36,800, 64,650, 135,350, 300,600, and 200,000 Da) were procured from Borui sugar biotechnology.
HepG2 cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin (American GIBCO).
Citric acid buffer was purchased from Sinopharm Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China)., and streptozotocin was purchased from Aladdin Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). The Rabbit IRS-1 Kit, rabbit AKT, rabbit GLUT4, and rabbit PI3K were obtained from mmbio Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The analytical reagents used in the experiments were procured from Shanghai Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).