Lead iodide (PbI2, 99.99%) was purchased from TCI. Spiro-OMeTAD was purchased from Youxuan Tech, China. Methylamine hydrochloride (MACl), methylammonium iodide (MAI), caesium iodide (CsI, 99.999%), formamidinium iodide (FAI), and methylammonium bromide (MABr) were purchased from Greatcell Solar. Chlorobenzene (CB, anhydrous), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous), methylamine solution (MA, 33% in H2O), ethylic acid (HAc, 99%), butylamine hydrochloride (BACl, 99.99%), ethylamine solution (EA), butylamine solution (BA), propylamine, formic acid, propanoic acid, and n-butyric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the materials were used without further purification.
Propanoic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Propanoic acid is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent odor. It is a short-chain carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. Propanoic acid is commonly used as a food preservative and in the production of various chemicals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Butanoic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Hexanoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Benzoic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Isobutyric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Decanoic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Octanoic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
1 hexanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Octanal, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hexanal, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Nonanal, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethyl hexanoate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethyl lactate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
3 methyl 1 butanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Valeric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isovaleric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
18 protocols using propanoic acid
1
Perovskite Solar Cell Precursor Synthesis
2
Analytical Method for Phenolic Compounds
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The chemicals used as substrates or standards were catechol, propanoic acid, benzoic acid, phenyllactic acid, phenylacetic acid, 2-phenylpropanoic acid, 3-phenylpropanoic acid (3PPA), m-tolylacetic acid, p-tolylacetic acid, ibuprofen as sodium salt, diclofenac, ibufenac, naproxen, and ketoprofen, and were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Other chemicals used were 3-fluorocatechol (Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, Germany), and cinnamic acid (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland). HPLC-grade solvents were supplied by Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain); all other chemicals were of analytical purity.
3
Comprehensive Analytical Standards for Wine Aroma Profiling
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Chromatographically pure standards included ethyl acetate, ethyl isobutyrate, isobutyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, isoamyl acetate, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, propanoic acid, ethyl L(-)-lactate, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, ethyl octanoate, 1-heptanol, 2,3-butanediol, 1-octanol, isobutyric acid, diethyl succinate, L-α-terpineol, phenethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, ethyl lactate, ethyl decanoate (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). Ultrapure 18.2 MΩ cm water used for these experiments was produced from the Milli-Q Ultrapure water system (Human Corp., Seoul, Korea). Absolute ethanol (analytically pure) was purchased from Sichuan Xilong Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, Sichuan, CHN).
4
Quantification of Fermentation Metabolites
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Methanol and acetonitrile (99% purity) were purchased from Aladdin Company (Shanghai, China). All standards used in this study, including lactic acid, propanoic acid, hexanoic acid, ethanol, Methanol, pentanol, n-propanol, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, and ethyl formate, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and were obtained from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company (Beijing, China).
5
Ascorbic Acid Purification and Drying
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Ascorbic acid (mass fraction purity; 0.99) was purchased from Sisco Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd. India, N,N-diethylethanol amine (0.99), propanoic acid (0.99)and methanol (0.99) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. AA was used after drying in a vacuum desiccator (over anhydrous CaCl2) for 48 h at room temperature and all the other chemicals were used without further purification.
6
Investigating Colonic Inflammation and Gut Microbiome
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Sweet tea was collected from Sichuan Mu Jiang Ye Ke Tea Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, molecular weight 36–50 kDa); salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP); and standards for SCFAs, including acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, and isohexanoic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The commercial kits for myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, LPS, and urine fecal occult blood were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific to Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and NF-κB p65 were obtained from Abcam (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
7
Characterization of Carbohydrate Derivatives
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Glucose, rhamnose, mannose, arabinose, galactose, xylose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone were purchased from Chroma Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid and DPP4 inhibitor were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, United States). Trimethyl Acetic acid was purchased from Thermofisher (Waltham, MA, United States). Dextran standards (MW: 1200 Da, 4300 Da, 37600 Da, 121500 Da, 618300 Da, 2556000 Da) were purchased from American Polymer Standards Co., Ltd. (Mentor, OH, United States). Metformin was purchased from Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). The purity of all reagents was more than 99%. Ethanol, chloroform, and mEthanol were all in HPLC grade and obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Distilled water was supplied by a Millipore water purification system (Milford, MA, United States).
8
Characterization of Volatile Compounds
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Authentic standards were obtained from commercial sources: 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, furfural, heptanal, octanal, phenylacetaldehyde, α-pinene, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, nonanal, decanal, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, propylene glycol, 1-pentanol, 2-furanmethanol, 1-hexanol, phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), 3-methylphenol, 2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2-methoxy-3-methylphenol, creosol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, octane, eugenol, trans-isoeugenol, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 2-cyclopentenone, cyclooctane, 2-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, 3,4-dimethyl-2-cyclo-pentenone, benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone, acetic acid, 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenone, 3-ethyl-2-cyclopentenone, butanoic acid, styrene, 3-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane, 2-furylmethylketone 2,3,3-trimethylpentane, 2,2,8-trimethyldecane, propanoic acid, 3-methyl-3-heptene, (Z)-2-octene, d -limonene, and ethyl hexanoate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). 2-Octanol (internal standard) and n-alkane standards (C6–C30) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All substances are AR, at least 97% purity. The purification system from Milli-Q (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) to obtain purified water.
9
Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds
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For DMS and DMDS, a mixed standard gas (10.4 ppm DMS and 9.9 ppm DMDS, Research Institute of Gas Analytical Science, South Korea) was used for the quantification. For other compounds, the calibrations were accomplished through the use of the headspace method for Henry’s constants (Chai et al., 2005 ). All of the reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): acetic acid (99.7%), propanoic acid (99.5%), bButyric acid (99%), isobutyric acid (99%), valeric acid (99%), isovaleric acid (99%), indole (99%), skatole (98%) and p-cresol (99%). The stocking solutions of volatile organic acids were diluted with triple-distilled water, while the stocking solutions of the Indolics and p-cresol were diluted with methanol (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The stocking solutions were diluted progressively with triple-distilled water and analyzed with a relative headspace method for Henry’s constants (Chai et al., 2005 ). The detection thresholds, molecular weights and retention times of the target odorous compounds are shown in Table 2 . Recovery of these VOCs in Tedlar bags was greater than 85% under similar experimental conditions.
10
Electrochemical Materials Characterization
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Succinic acid (>99%), propanoic acid (99.5%),
sodium hydroxide (>99%), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCT), and
activated carbon Norit SA3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphene
nanoplatelets, carbon black (acetylene), graphite powder (7–11
μm particle size), and Toray carbon paper (uncoated) were obtained
from Alfa Aesar. All chemicals and materials were used as received
without further purification.
sodium hydroxide (>99%), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCT), and
activated carbon Norit SA3 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphene
nanoplatelets, carbon black (acetylene), graphite powder (7–11
μm particle size), and Toray carbon paper (uncoated) were obtained
from Alfa Aesar. All chemicals and materials were used as received
without further purification.
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