FTIR spectroscopy was used to measure infrared spectra in the region from 400–4000 cm−1 using a Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with a single-reflection diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal and a mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detector. Background spectrum of ATR was recorded at 64 scans and 4 cm−1 resolution, and FTIR spectra of each sample was recorded under the same condition against the background. The amide I band (1600–1700 cm−1) in spectrum was deconvoluted after baseline-correction and Gaussian smooth to quantify the secondary structure of protein using Omnic software (version 6.1a, Thermo Nicolet Corp., Madison, WI, USA) and Peakfit software (version 4.12, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The spectrum ranged from 980–1060 cm−1 and was deconvoluted using Omnic software (version 6.1a, Thermo Nicolet Corp., Madison, WI, USA). The bands at 1047 and 1022 cm−1 were detected; the ratio of the integrated area of absorption bands at 1047/1022 cm−1 is generally used to quantify the internal changes of the starch molecule in the degree of short-range order [16 (link)].
Thermo nicolet nexus ftir
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. It is designed to perform infrared spectroscopy analysis of samples.
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5 protocols using thermo nicolet nexus ftir
1
Quantitative Analysis of Protein Structure and Starch Composition via FTIR
2
FTIR Analysis of Protein Structure
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Secondary structure was measured by a Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). One mg of lyophilized sample and 100 mg of potassium bromide were thoroughly mixed, grinded, and then placed on the ATR crystal. The number of scans was 64, the resolution was set as 4 cm−1. Amide I band (1700 and 1600 cm−1) was selected as the targeted region. Omnic (version 8.0, Thermo Nicolet Corp) and peakfit (version 4.12, AISN Software Inc.) software were employed to analyze the content of each secondary structure. Three replicates were carried out.
3
Starch Short-Range Ordered Structure Characterization
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The short-range ordered structure of the starch sample was determined with Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), following the method previously described by Yang et al. [32 (link)]. The detected bands at 1047, 1022, and 995 cm−1 were used to further calculate the IR ratio of 1047/1022 cm−1 and 1022/995 cm−1. The ratio of absorbance 1022/995 cm−1 was used to measure the ratio of amorphous to ordered carbohydrate structure in starch, and the ratio of absorbance 1047/1022 cm−1 was used to quantify the ordered degree of starch external region of starch
The short-range ordered structure was also determined by FT-Raman spectra (NEXUS-870, Thermo 150 Nicolet Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), as reported by Brandt et al. [33 (link)]. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Raman band at 480 cm−1 was obtained using the WIRE 2.0 software, and higher FWHM values at 480 cm−1 represent a lower proportion of short-range ordered structures.
The short-range ordered structure was also determined by FT-Raman spectra (NEXUS-870, Thermo 150 Nicolet Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), as reported by Brandt et al. [33 (link)]. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Raman band at 480 cm−1 was obtained using the WIRE 2.0 software, and higher FWHM values at 480 cm−1 represent a lower proportion of short-range ordered structures.
4
FTIR Analysis of Spray-Dried BSA
5
Synthesis and Characterization of CHA-ZnO Composite
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The sample of coconut husk ash (CHA) used in the study was obtained from the process of burning the coconut husk at 700 °C and treating as described in the previous report [10 (link)]. CHA was used as the source of SiO2 with 91.76% purity after treatment, which was confirmed by XRF as reported. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles (US Research Nanomaterials Inc., Houston, TX USA, 99%, 10–30 nm) were added with CHA to form a mixture of 20.0 g with the ratio of 1:1 using a ball milling jar for 24 h. After that, the mixed composition was pressed at 5 tons pressure to form a pellet. Next, the pellet was sintered in an alumina crucible at 600 °C to 1000 °C with a constant heat rate for 2 h.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out by using a Philips X’Pert HighPro PANanalytical Diffractometer (Malvern Pananalytical, Almelo (The Netherland) and Malvern (UK)) with a copper (Cu) anode and Cu k-α radiation with wavelength 1.5406 Å operated at 40 mA and 40 kV. A Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR (Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, US) was used in the range of 280 to 4000 cm−1 to determine the bonds in the composite. Nova NanoSEM 30 (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) was used to study the morphological structure of the composite sample with a 50,000 magnification level. Furthermore, the optical properties were studied using a UV-3600 Shimadzu (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out by using a Philips X’Pert HighPro PANanalytical Diffractometer (Malvern Pananalytical, Almelo (The Netherland) and Malvern (UK)) with a copper (Cu) anode and Cu k-α radiation with wavelength 1.5406 Å operated at 40 mA and 40 kV. A Thermo Nicolet Nexus FTIR (Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, US) was used in the range of 280 to 4000 cm−1 to determine the bonds in the composite. Nova NanoSEM 30 (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) was used to study the morphological structure of the composite sample with a 50,000 magnification level. Furthermore, the optical properties were studied using a UV-3600 Shimadzu (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
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