M13 phage particles displaying the relevant peptides were printed onto nitrocellulose coated glass slides (10,485,323, Whatman) using SpotBot® 4 arrayer (Arrayit) in four dilutions (1:2, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000). 1xPBS-20% glycerol and mQ were used as negative controls and human IgG serial dilutions (12–50 ng/µl) as positive controls. Human serum or plasma (1:50), previously precleared to plastic and
E. coli/wild type M13 phage antigens, was used as primary antibody while rabbit anti-human IgG H&L (HRP) (#ab6759, Abcam, RRID: AB_955,434) (1:1000) was used as a secondary antibody. Both antibody incubations were conducted at room temperature for 1 h with agitation. The presence of bound human IgG antibodies was detected using reaction with catalyzed Signal Amplification (CSA) System II, Biotin-Free, HRP, DAB+ (Dako, Agilent, Cat#: K1497), diluted in the substrate buffer (1:100). Results were visualised using
Ettan DigeImager (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and signals (image colour-intensities) quantified using
ImageQuant software version 8.1 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences).
Pupina N., Avarlaid A., Sadam H., Pihlak A., Jaago M., Tuvikene J., Rähni A., Planken A., Planken M., Kalso E., Tienari P.J., Nieminen J.K., Seppänen M.R., Vaheri A., Lindholm D., Sinisalo J., Pussinen P., Timmusk T, & Palm K. (2022). Immune response to a conserved enteroviral epitope of the major capsid VP1 protein is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease. EBioMedicine, 76, 103835.