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5 protocols using cytokeratin 10

1

Immunofluorescence Staining of Epidermal Markers

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, washed with PBS, and permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS for 10 minutes. After blocking with 3% BSA/PBS for 1h, cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight in 4℃. Cells were then washed in PBS, incubated with the secondary antibodies for 1 hour and washed with PBS three times. Hoechst 33258 (Molecular Probes H1398) was used for nuclei staining (10min). The following primary antibodies were used: anti-TP63 antibody (BA1887, Boster); Cytokeratin 14 (sc-58724, Santa Cruz); Cytokeratin 1 (sc-65999, Santa Cruz); Cytokeratin 10 (sc-23877, Santa Cruz); Involucrin (sc-21748, Santa Cruz); Filaggrin (sc-30229, Santa Cruz); KRT18 (sc-6259, Santa Cruz).
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2

Quantitative Protein Analysis Protocol

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Whole cell lysates were collected using RIPA buffer with added protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Insoluble fractions were collected using Urea-containing buffer. Protein was quantified using Bradford assay reagent (Biorad) and bovine serum albumin standards (Pierce). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed in SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membrane Immobilon-FL (Millipore). Blots were developed using ECL-plus (GE) for 5 minutes, chemiluminescence visualized on a Licor Odyssey FL imager and quantitation done using Licor Image Studio software. All quantitated protein signals were normalized to GAPDH signal from the same gel. Antibodies used were as follows: SIRT1 (Cell Signaling), SIRT2 (Abcam), SIRT3 (Sigma), Involucrin (Santa Cruz), Cytokeratin 10(Santa Cruz), GAPDH (Santa Cruz), p-NBS1 Ser 343 (Cell Signaling), NBS1 (Santa Cruz), ac-p53 (Cell Signaling), p53 (Calbiochem), pATM Ser 1981 (Cell Signaling), ATM(Cell Signaling), pCHK2 Ser 19 (Cell Signaling), CHK2(Cell Signaling).
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3

Skin Tissue Immunofluorescence Staining

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Skin models were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde (Roth) for 4 h and watered with demineralized water for several hours. After embedding tissues in paraffin, sections of 5 μm were generated. Hemalaun-eosin staining was performed according to a standard staining procedure.
For immunofluorescence staining, tissue sections were deparaffined according to a standard protocol. Sections for filaggrin, cytokeratin 10 and 14 and vimentin were heat demasked with a target retrieval buffer pH 6 and Ki67 and perilipin A with a target retrieval buffer pH 9 for 20 min in a preheated steamer. Tissue sections were blocked with 3% BSA in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 30 min. Primary antibodies (cytokeratin 10: 1:200, Santa Cruz; cytokeratin 14: 1:1000; and filaggrin: 1:500, both Boster Biological Technologies; Ki67: 1:100; and vimentin: 1:1000, both Abcam; perilipin A: 1:500, Sigma-Aldrich) were diluted with blocking solution and incubated overnight at 4°C. Secondary antibodies Alexa Fluor 488 (1:500, Abcam) and Cy3 (1:250, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) were used for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were covered with Fluoromount-G containing DAPI (Life Technologies) and a coverslip and analyzed with a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss).
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4

Hydrogel Histological Staining and Imaging

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Hydrogels were fixed using Bouin's fixative (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 h and watered with tap water for several hours. Gels were embedded into paraffin and sections of 5 μm were prepared.
Hemalaun–eosin staining was performed according to a standard staining procedure. Hemalaun stains the cell nuclei blue, and eosin interacts with eosinophilic structures like the cytoplasm for it to be shown in red.
For antibody staining, deparaffinization was done according to a standard protocol. Sections were heat demasked with a target retrieval solution pH 9 (Dako) for 20 min in a preheated steamer (Braun). Samples were permeabilized with Triton X-100 for 10 min and then blocked with 3% BSA in PBS+ for 30 min. Primary antibody (Perilipin A: 1:200; Sigma-Aldrich), cytokeratin 10 (1:500), and cytokeratin 14 (1:600; both Santa Cruz) were diluted with an antibody diluent (Dako) and incubated overnight at 4°C. For detection, a peroxidase-based system from Dako (EnVision+System-HRP) was applied. A secondary antibody conjugated with an HRP-labeled polymer (Dako) was used and slides were incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The staining reaction was performed with diaminobencidine (DAB, DCS) and slides were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin (Dako). The sections were covered with Aquatex (Merck Millipore) and a coverslip and analyzed with a light microscope (Zeiss).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of DNA Repair Proteins

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Whole-cell lysates were extracted using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 7.4], 150 mM sodium chloride [NaCl], 0.25% deoxycholic acid, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Protein from the insoluble fraction was extracted from the cell pellet using a solubilization solution (8 M urea, 10% 2-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride [PMSF]) and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. Protein was quantitated using a Bradford assay (Bio-Rad) and run on a Tris-glycine sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel. Protein was transferred to an Immobilon-P polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore) and probed with primary and secondary antibodies. ECL (enhanced chemiluminescence) or ECL Prime (GE) was used to visualize protein. The antibodies used were FANCD2 (Abcam no. ab108928; Thermo Scientific catalog no. MA1-16570), cytokeratin 10 (Santa Cruz catalog no. sc52318), γH2AX-Ser139 (Cell Signaling catalog no. 5438), FANCI (Santa Cruz catalog no. sc-98532), BRCA1 (Cell Signaling catalog no. 9010), RAD51 (Cell Signaling catalog no. 8875), BRCA2 (Cell Signaling catalog no. 9012), and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Santa Cruz catalog no. sc-47724).
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