Svec4 10ehr1

Experiments were performed with two cell lines, human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) [Catalog No. CRL-9609, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA] and mouse vascular endothelial cells (SVEC4-10EHR1) (Catalog No. CRL-2161, ATCC). BEAS-2B cells were cultured in LHC-9 medium (Catalog No. 12680-013, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with phenol red indicator (Catalog No. PCS-999-001, ATCC). SVEC4-10EHR1 cells were grown in the mixture of 90% Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Catalog No. SH30022.01, Hyclone, UT, USA) and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Catalog No. 30-2020, ATCC). BEAS-2B and SVEC4-10EHR1 cells in flasks were incubated at 37 °C with 5% humidity and 10% CO₂. Culture medium was changed at least three times a week. The cells were seeded on a 4 μm-thick Mylar-bottomed dish 1 day prior to irradiation.

Gadolinium(III) acetate hydrate (99.9% trace metals basis), ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (99.9%), tantalum(V) chloride (99.8%), tungsten(VI) chloride (99.9%), gold(III) chloride trihydrate (99.9%), bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate (98.0%), tantalum(V) ethoxide (99.98%), cyclohexane (99%), IGEPAL CO-520, ammonium hydroxide solution (28.0–30.0% NH₃ basis) and calcium phosphate (96.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride were obtained from Gelest, Inc (Morrisville, PA). Iomeron 400 mg/ml was purchased from Bracco (Milan, Italy). The cell lines used for in vitro experiments, HepG2, Renca, SVEC4-10EHR1, were provided by ATCC (Manassas, VA). LIVE/DEAD assay kits were purchased from Life Technologies Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY).