Matlab v2014

A high-frequency, high-resolution digital imaging platform (Vevo^® 2100 Imaging System, FUJIFILM Visual Sonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) was used on anesthetized mice (isoflurane in O₂; 3% for induction and 1.5% for maintenance; Forene, Abbvie, North Chicago, IL, USA)) to assess pulse wave velocity measurements of the abdominal aorta (aPWV). Body temperature was maintained at 36–38 °C and mice were continuously monitored and isoflurane concentrations were titrated (1–2%) during imaging to maintain heart rates at 500 ± 50 beats/min (bpm). PWV measurements were performed with a 24 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics MS400, FUJIFILM Visual Sonics, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) using the method developed by Di Lascio et al. [23 (link)]. In brief, a 24 MHz transducer was placed on the abdomen of the animal and B-mode images of 700 frames per second of the abdominal aorta and carotid artery were obtained using the EKV imaging mode to measure aortic diameter (D). A PW Doppler tracing was obtained to measure aortic flow velocity (V). Velocity was plotted against the natural logarithm of the diameter, and the slope of the linear part of the resulting ln(D)-V loop was used to calculate PWV values using MATLAB v2014 (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA).

High frequency Ultrasound (Vevo 2100, VisualSonics) was used to assess PWV, an important in vivo parameter of arterial stiffness, in the abdominal aorta of spontaneously breathing mice under light anesthesia (1.5% isoflurane in 1 l min^-1 O₂). Body temperature was maintained at 36–38°C and heart rate at 500 ± 50 beats/min. PWV measurements were performed with a 24-MHz transducer using the method developed by Di Lascio et al. (2014) (link). In short, a 24-MHz transducer was positioned abdominally. 700 frames-per-second B-mode images of the abdominal aorta were obtained using the EKV imaging mode (VisualSonics) to measure aortic diameter (D). A pulse wave Doppler tracing was obtained to measure aortic flow velocity (V). Velocity was plotted against the natural logarithm of the diameter, and the slope of the linear part of the resulting ln(D)-V loop was used to calculate PWV using Matlab v2014 (Mathworks).

A high-frequency, high-resolution digital imaging platform (Vevo^® 2100 Imaging System, FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) was used on anesthetized mice (induction with 1.5% in O₂, 1l/min and maintenance with 3.5% in O₂, 1 L/min, Forene, Abbvie, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). to assess pulse wave velocity measurements of the abdominal aorta (aPWV). Body temperature was maintained at 36–38 °C and mice were continuously monitored, and isoflurane concentrations were titrated (1–2%) during imaging to maintain heart rates at 500 ± 50 beats/minute (bpm). PWV measurements were performed with a 24-MHz transducer (VisualSonics MS400, FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) using the method developed by Di Lascio et al., (2014) [57 (link)]. In short, a 24-MHz transducer was positioned on the abdomen of the animal. B-mode images of 700 frames-per-second of the abdominal aorta and carotid artery were obtained using the EKV imaging mode to measure the aortic diameter (D). A pulse wave doppler tracing was obtained to measure aortic flow velocity (V). Velocity was plotted against the natural logarithm of the diameter, and the slope of the linear part of the resulting ln(D)-V loop was used to calculate PWV values using Matlab v2014 (MathWorks).