For this study, we used three ultralow level liquid scintillation spectrometers Quantulus1220 (Q#1,2,3) equipped with PSA and MCA (PerkinElmer); 20-mL LSC plastic vials (PerkinElmer) for LSC analysis; a high-precision analytical balance capable of accurately weighing 0.0001 gm (Mettler-Toledo, LLC) for quench curves and urine spikes preparation; 15-mL and 50-mL conical polypropylene tubes (Beckton Dickinson) for solutions preparation; Brinkman bottle top dispenser with capacity from 5 mL to 25 mL (Brinkman Instruments, Inc.) for cocktail dispensing; and four electronic pipettes with a total volume range from 5 μL to 5 mL (Eppendorf, Inc).
Quantulus 1220
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Quantulus 1220 is a liquid scintillation counter designed for the measurement of radioactive samples. It utilizes advanced detection technology to provide accurate and reliable data for a range of applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
20 ml lsc plastic vials, by PerkinElmer (3 mentions)
Four electronic pipettes, by Eppendorf (2 mentions)
High precision analytical balance, by Mettler Toledo (2 mentions)
Polypropylene conical tube, by BD (1 mentions)
A high precision analytical balance, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Neptune mc icp ms, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Arium pro uf ultrapure water system, by Sartorius (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid suprapur, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Electronic pipettes, by Eppendorf (1 mentions)
Tri carb 5110, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Optiphase hisafe 3, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
9 protocols using quantulus 1220
1
Ultra-Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry
2
Uranium, Thorium, and Plutonium Analysis
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All reagents were of analytical grade. Deionized water from an arium ® pro UF Ultrapure Water system (Sartorius), 65% nitric acid p.a. (prepared on a quartz sub-boiling apparatus), 40% hydrofluoric acid suprapur, 37% hydrochloric acid suprapur and ammonium iron (ii) sulphate hexahydrate pro analysis (all from Merck) were used for the analyses. Uranium isotope standard IRMM-187 and IRMM-184 (all from Joint Research Centre, Belgium) were used for isotope ratio calibration and validation. A standard solution of 242 Pu (Joint Research Centre, Belgium) was used as radiochemical yield tracer. Standard solutions of uranium, thorium (Th) and indium (In) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Germany). The extraction chromatography resins TEVA and UTEVA were purchased from Triskem International (Bruz, France). The certified reference material IAEA-381 (Irish Sea Water) was obtained from the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna, Austria). All U and Pu radionuclide measurements were performed on a MC-ICP-MS Neptune (Thermo-Fisher). The U content in the melted ice samples was analyzed in a sector field sf-ICP-MS Element 2 (Finnigan MAT, Germany). The 3 H measurements were performed in an ultra-low level liquid scintillation counter (LSC) Quantulus 1220 (PerkinElmer).
3
Versatile Radioisotope Analysis Protocol
4
Determination of Radionuclide Activities in Seafood
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Marine fish, prawn, razor clam, crabs, and seaweed were frozen at −20 °C for 48 h, and then processed using a vacuum freeze dryer (Labconco, 4 L, −105 °C). To extract all of the tissue free water at vacuum pressures of < 10−2 mbar, the system was operated for 2–3 days. The free water in the sample was separated by vacuum freeze-drying. The free water sample was distilled, and 20 mL of distillate was collected. For each sample, the 3H activity concentration of the free water was determined using liquid scintillation counter (LSC, Quantulus 1220, PerkinElmer).
To measure OBT and 14C activity concentrations of seafood, the sample treatment was undertaken by loading 50 g of freeze-dried sample into a tube furnace combustion system for oxidation combustion. Combustion products of water (H2O) and CO2 were collected using a cold trap (−110 ℃) and 3 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), respectively. The H2O was refluxed with potassium permanganate for 2 h, followed by distillation, and finally 20 mL of distillate was collected. The pH of NaOH solution for absorbing CO2 was adjusted to 10–11 with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), and calcium chloride solution (CaCl₂) was added to obtain white calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate. The white precipitate was filtered and washed with deionized water and absolute ethanol, then dried at 105 °C in an oven.
To measure OBT and 14C activity concentrations of seafood, the sample treatment was undertaken by loading 50 g of freeze-dried sample into a tube furnace combustion system for oxidation combustion. Combustion products of water (H2O) and CO2 were collected using a cold trap (−110 ℃) and 3 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), respectively. The H2O was refluxed with potassium permanganate for 2 h, followed by distillation, and finally 20 mL of distillate was collected. The pH of NaOH solution for absorbing CO2 was adjusted to 10–11 with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), and calcium chloride solution (CaCl₂) was added to obtain white calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate. The white precipitate was filtered and washed with deionized water and absolute ethanol, then dried at 105 °C in an oven.
5
Quantifying GIIA Enzyme Activity in E. coli
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The GIIA enzyme activity was estimated by using autoclaved E. coli labeled with 14C-oleic acid according to Patriarca et al.47 (link) and the modified method of Vishwanath et al.48 (link). Briefly, a 350 µL reaction mixture consisting of 3.18 × 109 autoclaved E. coli cells (corresponds to 10,000 cpm and 60 nmol lipid phosphorus), 5 mM calcium (CaCl2), and 100 mM Tris–HCl buffer pH 7.4 were mixed in the following order, buffer, calcium, enzyme (20 µg), water. Finally, added E. coli substrate (30 µL) and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. Adding 100 µL of 2 N HCl and 100 μL fatty acid free BSA (10%) to terminate the reaction, vortexed the reaction mixture and centrifuged at 20,000×g for 5 min. 140 µL supernatant (containing 14C-oleic acid) was carefully collected, and added scintillation cocktail and measured the radiation of 14C using a Quantulus 1220 liquid scintillation spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA). GIIA activity was expressed as nmol of free fatty acid (14C-oleate) released/min/mg of protein under standard conditions.
6
Radiometric Counting Instrument Protocols
7
Automated Determination of 88Sr by ICP-MS
8
Efficient Radiocarbon Trapping Protocol
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After graphite combustion, the evolved CO2 gas was passed through the NaOH 3M solution placed in two catchers connected serially. It was known from previous experiments that the combination of two catchers ensures 94% trapping (recovery) efficiency for radiocarbon in the 14CO2 form [20 ]. The exposed solutions were mixed with a liquid scintillation cocktail OptiPhase HiSafe 3 (PerkinElmer, USA) applying the mixing ratio of 4 and 16 ml. Then samples were then measured with a liquid scintillation counter Quantulus-1220 (PerkinElmer, USA). LSC measurements were traceable to the national standard of activity [21 (link)]. The obtained LSC spectra confirmed the presence of pure 14C β activity in the samples showing no other radionuclides in the exposed NaOH 3M solution. Typical LSC spectra as measured in the samples taken from the two catchers are presented in Fig 5 .
The radiocarbon activity in a graphite sample was calculated taking into account activities determined in catchers, the counting efficiency, the recovery efficiency and the aliquot volume. The standard uncertainty of the radiocarbon activity determination was around 6%.
The radiocarbon activity in a graphite sample was calculated taking into account activities determined in catchers, the counting efficiency, the recovery efficiency and the aliquot volume. The standard uncertainty of the radiocarbon activity determination was around 6%.
9
Determination of 90Sr Activity Concentration
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The activity concentration of 90Sr in the separated fractions (in 15 ml of 0.05 M HNO3) was determined with low-background liquid scintillation counter Quantulus 1220 (former Wallac, Perkin Elmer, Turku, Finland) via the activity concentration of daughter nuclide 90Y in the Cherenkov counting mode. The counting time was 10 h per sample. The counting efficiency correction for the 90Sr activity in the samples was performed by using a 90Y/90Sr standard sample series (Stamoulis et al. 2007 (link)) and this method produced a fixed counting efficiency value of 65% for Quantulus 1220. Chemical yield of Sr was determined with ICP-OES, being 41–98%.
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