Stӧber nanoparticles and mesoporous silica nanoparticles of different shapes and pore structures were generated as previously described in the literature17 (link),19 (link),27 (link),38 (link)–40 (link). MSNs were made via a hydrolytic sol gel method under base catalytic conditions and using cationic surfactant as structure directing agent and porogen, and TEOS (Sigma-Aldrich) as silica precursor. The specific procedures for synthesis of bare MSNs, as well as functionalization of stellate MSNs by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and nickel charged nitrilotriacetic acid (NiNTA), are described in the supporting information (SI). Upon washing and surfactant extraction, all resulting MSNs were resuspended in pure ethanol and passed through a 1 µm glass filter (Millipore-Sigma) to remove any residual aggregates. Size and zeta potential were assessed using a Zetasizer instrument (Malvern Instruments, Ltd.) and morphology was assessed by TEM (JEOL 2010).
Zetasizer instrument
Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Zetasizer is a lab instrument used to measure the size and zeta potential of particles and molecules in a sample. It utilizes dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering techniques to determine these properties.
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Lab products found in correlation
Jem 1011, by JEOL (3 mentions)
K alpha, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Exo check antibody array, by System Biosciences (1 mentions)
Spectramax m2 microplate reader, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)
Cary 100 varian spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Cm120, by Philips (1 mentions)
Mira3, by TESCAN (1 mentions)
Xl30 feg, by Philips (1 mentions)
High resolution tem, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Hi 2210 ph meter, by Hanna Instruments (1 mentions)
Tof sims, by ION-TOF (1 mentions)
Phi 5000 versaprobe, by Physical Electronics (1 mentions)
Up400, by Hielscher (1 mentions)
Ft ir prestige 21 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Uv 1800, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Cary eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Oneview, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
1 2 dioleoyl 3 trimethylammonium propane chloride salt dotap, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions)
Rotavapor, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Model sz 100, by Horiba (1 mentions)
66 protocols using zetasizer instrument
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
2
Characterization and Stability of O/W Nanoemulsions
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O/W nanoemulsions underwent organoleptic inspections to evaluate their external appearance. The size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential were determined using a Zeta sizer instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). Results have been reported as the mean and standard deviation (S.D.) of at least ten measurements of each sample. In addition, their pH was measured using a pH meter. The viscosity of nanoemulsions was determined using a Brookfield rheometer equipped with a bob and cup (R/S Rheometer, Brookfield Viscometer Ltd., Middleboro, MA, USA) at 25 °C. The nanoemulsion morphology was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), following the procedure outlined by Anantaworasakul et al. (2020) [11 (link)]. A single drop of nanoemulsion was placed onto a copper grid and stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid. TEM imaging was conducted at 100 kV to examine their nanostructure. The stability of each nanoemulsions was assessed following 6 cycles of heating–cooling. During each cycle, the nanoemulsions were subjected to storage at 45 °C for 24 h, followed by storage at 4 °C for 24 h. In addition, a long-term stability test was also performed by storing the formulation at room temperature for 3 months. Subsequently, the physical appearance, particle size, PDI, and zeta potential were evaluated.
3
Zeta Potential of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
4
Liposome DLS analysis with Bax and cBid
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DLS experiments were performed on a zetasizer instrument (Malvern, Malvern, UK). Samples contain vesicles (20 μM lipids) with or without 20 nM cBid and 40 nM Bax (attenuation 9 or 10, 10–16 runs per measurement). Experiments were done at RT.
5
Exosome characterization using comprehensive techniques
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The control and EXO-Dp exosome samples (stored at −80°C) were thawed and gently vortexed before quantification using the Exo-Check Antibody Array from System Biosciences (Palo Alto, CA, USA). Each array is comprised of 12 pre-printed spots and features 8 antibodies for known exosome markers (CD63, CD81, ALIX, FLOT1, ICAM1, EpCAM, ANXA5 and TSG101), a GM130 cis-Golgi marker for cellular contamination, two positive controls and a blank control. Instructions were followed according to the manufacturer. The arrays were developed using the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate and analyzed using the Omega LumTM G Imaging System (Rockford, IL, USA). Particle size analysis was conducted through dynamic light scattering (DLS) using the Zetasizer instrument (Malvern Panalytical). Samples were diluted in sterile, particle-free PBS at ratios of between 1:250 and 1:1,000 for optimum analysis. PBS was tracked before each experiment to ensure that it was particle-free. Cryo-TEM electron microscopy was conducted on exosomes (CUNY Advanced Research Center, NY, USA). Samples were first cryo-fixed (plunge-freeze) to eliminate water crystals that can affect structure, thus creating vitreous ice. Next, samples were transferred to the TEM for imaging. Approximately 10 images were taken of each sample.
6
Evaluating Vitamin D Nanoparticle Stability
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Turbidity measurements and the size of vitamin D nanoparticles were used to evaluate the stability of the Vit D delivery systems that were cross-linked with HA hydrogel using F-68, T20, or T80 surfactants. The turbidity measurements were performed using a SpectraMax M2 Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices; California, USA). Subsequently, the Vit D nanoparticle dispersion on the 96-well plate was observed at a wavelength of 550 nm. Additionally, the size distributions of Vit D nanoparticles were determined with the Zetasizer instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK).
7
Characterization of Nanocomposite Materials
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A Fourier transform infrared (Shimadzu-8400S, Japan) spectrometer was used for the FT-IR analysis of the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to evaluate the crystalline phase of the samples by X-ray diffractometer (Philips, 8440, Netherlands) at a voltage of 40 kV. Raman microscope (Model: SENTERRA, Germany) with a laser wavelength of 785 nm was utilized to obtain the Raman spectrum of the samples. The UV-visible absorption spectra of the nitroaromatic compound solutions were recorded using a Cary 100 Varian spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Mira3, TESCAN) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Philips CM120) were used to determine the dimensions as well as the morphology of the samples. The chemical composition of the synthesized nanocomposite was determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Magnetic Daneshpajoh Kashan Co., Iran) was employed for the magnetic measurements at room temperature. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments were performed to check the porosity and specific surface area of the prepared samples using a BELSORP mini apparatus at 77 K. The particle size distribution and zeta potential of the samples were evaluated using a Zetasizer instrument (Malvern, UK) at room temperature.
8
Synthesis and Characterization of G4@IONPs
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G4@IONPs synthesis and characterization were explained in detail in our previous studies [21 (link),36 (link)]. Briefly, IONPs were synthesized by co-precipitation of 0.84 g of FeSO4 and 1.22 g of FeCl3 and then functionalized by PAMAM dendrimers with step by step addition of methyl acrylate and Ethylenediamine (Figure 2 a). 50 mL methyl acrylate/methanol solution (20%, v/v) was added to the 10 mL ethanol solution of APTS coated IONPs (5 g/L); after 1h sonication and stirring, 15 mL ethylenediamine/methanol (50%, v/v) was added to the previous solution followed by 3 h sonication at room temperature. Subsequently, methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) molecules (molecular weight = 4000 Da) having three times the mass of the iron were dissolved in ethanol and added to the G4@IONPs solution before 18 h reflux. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were applied to assess G4@IONPs size and presence of PAMAM bonds on the IONPs surface, respectively. In addition,, the surface charge of G4@IONPs was measured using a Zetasizer instrument (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK).
9
Structural Characterization of Si/C Nanoparticles
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Size and morphology of the Si/C NPs were firstly investigated using SEM (Philips XL-30 FEG). The SEM samples were prepared by dropping a dispersion of the Si/C NPs on a Si substrate. TEM, element mappings and STEM were performed on a JEM-2100F electron microscope operated at 200 kV. The TEM samples were prepared by dripping Si/C NPs dispersion onto a carbon film followed by natural drying. DLS and zeta potential measurements were performed by using a Malvern Zetasizer instrument.
10
Dynamic Diameter of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
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