Sodium citrate

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Sodium citrate is a chemical compound commonly used as a buffer and anticoagulant in laboratory settings. It serves to maintain a stable pH and prevent the clotting of blood or other biological samples.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Sodium citrate dihydrate Saline sodium citrate solution Iso-osmotic sodium citrate solution Sodium citrate buffer Saline sodium citrate (SSC; Sodium citrate solution Sodium citrate dehydrate Formic acid/sodium citrate solution Sodium dihydrogen citrate

75 protocols using sodium citrate

Synthesis of Citrate-Reduced Gold Nanoparticles

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As previously described [18 (link)], nanoparticles were synthesized using the method in which gold chloroauric acid is reduced by trisodium citrate [25 ]. In this process, 2.2–2.4 mL 1% weight/volume (wt/v) sodium citrate (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 200 mL 0.01% wt/v HAuCl4 (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) are mixed and heated to boiling, which promotes the reaction of sodium citrate to citric acid. Temperature and final concentration of the gold salt allows particles of varying sizes. Once the reaction is completed, the solution is concentrated using a rotovapor (Buchi Rotovapor System, BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) to ~20 mL before the addition of layering to the particles.

England C.G., Huang J.S., James K.T., Zhang G., Gobin A.M, & Frieboes H.B. (2015). Detection of Phosphatidylcholine-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Orthotopic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma using Hyperspectral Imaging. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0129172.

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In Vitro Degradation of TaOx Phantoms

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An in vitro degradation study was performed to assess the effects of the TaO_x incorporation on device properties. Three buffers were used, to simulate a range of physiological conditions: pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Thermo Fisher Sci), pH 6.5 0.05 M sodium citrate (Thermo Fisher Sci), and pH 5.5 0.05 M sodium citrate (Thermo Fisher Sci). Dry phantoms were placed into individual, pre-weighed, microcentrifuge tubes. Phantoms were hydrated on day 0, by adding 1 ml buffer and centrifuging for 10 min at 11,000 rpm. Afterwards immersed phantoms were stored at 37°C, and the buffer was changed weekly. Phantoms with 0, 20 and 40wt% TaO_x were tested for mechanics and mass loss (n=4 per time point). A further cohort of phantoms (n=3) containing 5, 20 and 40wt% TaO_x were serially imaged via μCT, to follow the degradation process and assess radiopacity over time.

Pawelec K.M., Tu E., Chakravarty S., Hix J.M., Buchanan L., Kenney L., Buchanan F., Chatterjee N., Das S., Alessio A, & Shapiro E.M. (2023). Incorporating Radiopacity into Implantable Polymeric Biomedical Devices for Clinical Radiological Monitoring. bioRxiv.

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Hydrogel Biomaterial Composition Analysis

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High-viscosity (HV) sodium
alginate (Hydagen 558P) and sodium hyaluronate/hyaluronan (36 kDa)
were provided by BASF SE. Calcium phosphate, succinic acid, sodium
citrate, glacial acetic acid, sodium carbonate, β-d-glucose, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate,
sodium citrate, phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate), sodium tetraborate,
sulfuric acid, and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Thermo Fisher.
Schiff’s fuchsin sulfite reagent, sodium metabisulfate, periodic
acid, calcium chloride, citric acid, low-viscosity (LV) sodium alginate
from brown algae (catalog #A1112), and carbazole were purchased from
Millipore Sigma. Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Koptek. Carbon
tape and microscopy stands were purchased from Ted Pella. Ultrapure
deionized water was sourced from a MilliQ 85/15 system (Millipore
Sigma).

Wong D.E., Cunniffe J.C., Scher H.B, & Jeoh T. (2020). Chelator Regulation of In Situ Calcium Availability to Enable Spray-Dry Microencapsulation in Cross-Linked Alginates. ACS Omega, 5(38), 24453-24460.

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Inducing Diabetes in C57BL/6J Mice

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C57BL/6J wild-type and CIN85^Δex2 mice (gift from I.D.) were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) (Sigma-Aldrich) diluted in 50 mmol/L sodium citrate (Fisher Scientific) buffer (pH 4.5) or with sodium citrate buffer for 5 consecutive days. Glucose levels from tail blood were measured with Glucometer Elite (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) every other day. The glucose levels were monitored 4 weeks after injection and then every week until the animals were hyperglycemic for 16 weeks. Animals with glucose levels exceeding 16 mmol/L on two consecutive measurements were regarded as hyperglycemic. The mice were not supplied with insulin during the experiment.

Teng B., Schroder P., Müller-Deile J., Schenk H., Staggs L., Tossidou I., Dikic I., Haller H, & Schiffer M. (2016). CIN85 Deficiency Prevents Nephrin Endocytosis and Proteinuria in Diabetes. Diabetes, 65(12), 3667-3679.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), chlorauric acid (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium citrate, silver nitrate (AgNO₃), L-ascorbic acid (AA), poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfate) (PSS, molecular weight: 70,000), poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDAC, 20%), and potassium tetrachloropalladate(II) (K₂PdCl₄) were purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received. 4-Oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-d₁₆-1-oxyl (¹⁵N-PDT) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Labs (Andover, MA). 5-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO) was purchased from Bioanalytical Labs (Sarasota, FL). Dimeglumine gadopentetate injection (Gds) is from BEILU Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). 3-Carbamoyl-2,5-dihydro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yloxyl (CTPO), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidine (TEMP), sodium chloride (NaCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), sodium hydrate (NaOH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and sodium azide (NaN₃) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Milli-Q water (18 MΩ cm) was used for preparation of all solutions.

Wen T., Wamer W.G., Subczynski W.K., Hou S., Wu X, & Yin J.J. (2016). Enhancement of Paramagnetic Relaxation by Photoexcited Gold Nanorods. Scientific Reports, 6, 24101.

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Elemental Salt Analysis Protocol

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Tartaric acid, dimethylformamide (DMF), Na₂HPO₄, sodium citrate and the metal salts used in the experiment (KCl, NaCl, LiNO₃, MgCl₂, ZnCl₂, CaCl₂, CuSO₄, FeSO₄, Fe(NO₃)₃ and Al(NO₃)₃) were bought from Alfa Aesar. The above reagents are analytically pure and can be used directly. Bran is production waste and needs further treatment.

Xu J., Wang C., Li H, & Zhao W. (2020). Synthesis of green-emitting carbon quantum dots with double carbon sources and their application as a fluorescent probe for selective detection of Cu2+ ions. RSC Advances, 10(5), 2536-2544.

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Synthesis of Cr(III)-based Metal-Organic Framework

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Chromium (III) nitrate [Cr (NO₃)₃·9H₂O], 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (H₂BDC), and hydrofluoric acid (HF) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China), and sodium citrate was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Toluene, chloroform, and formaldehyde were bought from Beijing Chemical Works.

Xie D., Wang R., Fu J., Zhao Z, & Li M. (2022). AuNPs@MIL-101 (Cr) as a SERS-Active Substrate for Sensitive Detection of VOCs. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 921693.

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Synthesis of Tantalum-Gold Nanocomposites

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Tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) and gold chloride tetrahydrate (HAuCl₄·4H₂O, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Sodium citrate and ascorbic acid (A.A.) were purchased from Alfa Aesar Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and p-nitrophenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All of chemicals and reagents in this work are of analytical grade and used without further purification.

Chang S., Ji M., Yan C., Zhang K., Deng Q., Xu J., Zhu C., Li B, & Wang J. (2019). In-Situ Growth of Au on KTaO3 Sub-Micron Cubes via Wet Chemical Approach for Enhanced Photodegradation of p-Nitrophenol. Materials, 12(12), 1950.

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Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry

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Cells were treated for 48 hours with 125 μM DFO and harvested using Trypsin (0.25%, Corning). Harvested cells were washed and fixed in 2 mL 70% ethanol (VWR, Radnor, PA) for 1 hour at 4°C. Fixed cells were washed in 2 mL FACS buffer (PBS, 5% FBS, and 0.01% sodium azide) and stained in 500 μL propidium iodide solution [0.05 mg/mL (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 0.1% sodium citrate (Alfa Aesar, Heysham, England), 0.02 mg/mL RNAse (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 0.2% NP40 (Sigma-Aldrich), 1N HCl, DI water] for 1 hour at 4°C. Sample acquisition was performed using the LSR Fortessa B (BD Biosciences) with at least 10,000 events recorded per sample using the Diva software. Cell cycle analysis was performed using the ModFit LT 4.0 software (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME) in which cell counts in G1, S and G2 phases were measured.

, & Gross L. (1996). How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(20), 10539-10540.

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Synthesis of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles

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AuNPs of ~13 nm in diameter were synthesized by following Frens' method 32 . After bringing 50 mL of 1 mM Au(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O, Au³⁺; Sigma-Aldrich) solution to boil, 5 mL of sodium citrate (1% w/v) (Alfa Aesar) was added under vigorous stirring, and the mixture was kept boiling for 15 min. The reaction product was slowly cooled down to room temperature (RT).

Yin B., Zhang Q., Xia X., Li C., Ho W.K., Yan J., Huang Y., Wu H., Wang P., Yi C., Hao J., Wang J., Chen H., Wong S.H, & Yang M. (2022). A CRISPR-Cas12a integrated SERS nanoplatform with chimeric DNA/RNA hairpin guide for ultrasensitive nucleic acid detection. Theranostics, 12(13), 5914-5930.

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