Y tv55

Twelve specimens of five new boletes species were stored in the Herbarium of Fungi of Jiangxi Agricultural University (HFJAU). The macroscopic morphological characteristics mainly come from field records and photographs of basidiomata. Color codes were obtained from Kornerup & Wanscher [50 ]. Micromorphological descriptions were based on dried materials rehydrated in 5% KOH and stained with ammoniacal Congo red. Freehand sections were performed by using a Nikon SMZ1270 (NIKON Corporation, Japan) stereomicroscope, following the standard method described in previous studies [19 (link),22 (link),51 (link),52 (link)]. Microstructures were observed with a Nikon Y–TV55 (NIKON Corporation, Japan) compound microscope. Basidiospores with special structure were examined with a ZEISS EVO18 (GER) scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The number of measured basidiospores is given as n/m/p, which means that the measurements were created on n basidiospores from m basidiomata of p collections. Dimensions of basidiospores are given as (a)b–c(d), where the range b–c represents a minimum of 90% of the measured values (5th to 95th percentile), and extreme values (a and d), whenever present (a < 5th percentile, d > 95th percentile), are in parentheses. Q represents the ratio of length/width of the spores. Qm refers to the average Q of basidiospores ± sample standard deviation [53 (link)].

After 15 days of treatment, biomass and photosynthetic parameters were measured. The net photosynthesis rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration rate (T_r) were measured using a LI-6400 portable photosynthetic measurement system (Li-COR, Inc, Lincoln, NE, USA). For the microscopic observation of stomata, the epidermal layer of photosynthetically active second leaves in all the treatments were peeled and stained with 0.01% toluidine blue O. After staining the stomatal structures were observed under a light microscope in 20x magnification and photographed using Nikon Y-TV55.

The plates of P. indica preserved at 4°C were inoculated onto new PDA plates and incubated at 28°C for 1 week. Using sterile punchers (Ø = 6 mm), fungal blocks were made from the active edges of the fungal colonies and then injected into separate Petri dishes (Ø = 12 cm), containing different solid culture media. Fifteen plates were inoculated for each type of culture medium (PDA, AEA, OA, KBA, and LB), and all plates were placed in a dark incubator at 28°C. The diameter of the colony on each plate was measured daily using the vertical cross method; three repeats were set for each medium. The remaining plates were used for photography and microscopic examination to observe spore production and determine the quantity of spores produced. A small amount of mycelium was taken daily with a sterile toothpick, stained with 0.05% trypan blue for 5 min, washed twice with sterile water, and observed for sporulation and the amount of spore production under a 400× microscope (Nikon, Y-TV55, Japan).

Stock solutions of aldicarb (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and ivermectin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were prepared in 70% ethanol and 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively, and stored at -20°C. Working solutions of these drugs were prepared in 0.01 M MES. To test whether the effect of the VOCs on nematode susceptibility was similar to those of aldicarb and ivermectin, assays were conducted with L4 larvae of C. elegans strains CB113 (resistant to aldicarb), DA1316 (resistant to ivermectin), and WT N2 Bristol. Experiments were carried out as described above. Selected concentrations of the drugs were added directly to the nematode-containing vials, and larvae suspended in 0.01 M MES served as controls. For the ivermectin and aldicarb experiments, nematodes in the control treatment were also supplemented with equal volumes of DMSO and 70% ethanol used for treatments. At the end of the incubation, nematode viability was assessed as described above, and bright-field images were captured with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope equipped with a Nikon Y-TV55 camera for all treatments.

Confocal images of Z-series stacks were obtained (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan, Y-TV55) at 2048×2048 pixels, 1 × zoom, 0.125 scanning speed, and 10 μm (for 20 × objective) height. To quantify the total cell population in the DG of the bilateral hippocampus, brain slices (40 μm thick) containing the hippocampus were selected and stained. For all quantifications, pictures from at least six brain slices/mouse were acquired. The number of cells was counted using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The volume of the GCL was determined by multiplying the surface area with the slice thickness. The density of positive cells was calculated by dividing the number of positive cells by the corresponding volume of GCL.