All chemicals including TMA (98 %), bee venom, prednisolone, isopropyl myristate (98 %), dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and corn oil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). TMA was dissolved in a mixed solvent of acetone (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and isopropyl myristate (4:1, v/v) immediately before use. bee venom was dissolved in saline, and prednisolone was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and corn oil (5:3:92, v/v/v).
Isopropyl myristate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China
Isopropyl myristate is a synthetic ester compound that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, emollient, and lubricant in the formulation of various products. The compound has a clear, colorless, and oily appearance.
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Lab products found in correlation
Tween 80, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Oleic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Tween 20, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Propylene glycol, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Transcutol hp, by Gattefosse (5 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol 400 peg 400, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Castor oil, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Span 80, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Olive oil, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Triethanolamine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Limonene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Stearic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pluronic f 127, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
67 protocols using isopropyl myristate
1
Topical Transdermal Delivery Optimization
2
Ibuprofen-Loaded Alginate Microbeads for Controlled Drug Release
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Sodium alginate (≈39% in guluronic acid blocks, Mw ≈ 100 kDa), Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate), Tween 80 (polysorbate), isopropyl myristate (≥98%), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), Nile red, vitamin E (α‐tocopherol, ≥ 99.5%), corn oil, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 700 g mol−1), silicone oil, and photoinitiator 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐1‐one (Darocur 1173) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Ibuprofen (99%, ACROS Organics) was purchased from Fisher Scientific to be used as an API. Sucrose (ultrapure) was purchased from VWR Life Science.
3
Evaluation of Topical Antifungal Formulations
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EFN was obtained from Cipla Limited (Mumbai, India). Transcutol P was obtained from Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France). Quercetin (purity > 95%, internal standard, IS), isopropyl myristate, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether (Brij O20), sodium azide, sorbic acid, citric acid, cycloheximide, and chloramphenicol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Jublia® (commercial 10% EFN topical solution, reference control #1) was obtained from Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc. (Laval, QC, Canada). Fulcare® (8% ciclopirox nail lacquer, reference control #2) was purchased from A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.r.l. (Firenze, Italy). Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) medium and yeast malt (YM) agar medium were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Solvents for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were obtained from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
4
Curcumin-Chitosan Nanoparticle Formulation
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Curcumin (CUR), low molecular chitosan (CS) (with viscosity average molecular weight of 50,000–190,000 Da, 75–85% deacetylated), isopropyl myristate (IPM), L-α-lecithin (L), and 95% v/v ethanol (ETOH) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, (Taufkirchen, Germany). A 0.45 µm membrane filter was purchased from MF-Millipore®, Merck KGaA, (Darmstadt, Germany). Purified water was obtained from Milli-Q® Type 1 Ultrapure Water Systems (Burlington, MA, USA).
5
Topical Ketorolac Tromethamine Formulation
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Ketorolac tromethamine was purchased from Renan Pharmaceutical (Chengdu, China). Commercially available ketorolac tromethamine tablets were manufactured by Mylan Pharmaceutical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Isopropyl myristate, 1,2-propanediol, and tartaric acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyglycerol-3 oleate (Plurol® Oleique CC497) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol®) were gifted by Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, Rhone, France). Partially neutralized polyacrylate (ViscomateTM, NP700) was obtained from Showa Denko KK (Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). DAAA was purchased from Xiyue Pharmaceutical (Weinan, China). λ-carrageenan was received from Ika Bio (Shanghai, China). The artificial membrane (With 0.45 μm aperture, polyethersulfone material) was obtained from Keelong Laboratory Equipment (Tianjin, China). The isolated skin of Bama minipigs was purchased from Jingde Agricultural Products (Xingtai, China).
6
Efinaconazole Topical Formulation Development
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Efinaconazole was received as a gratis sample kindly donated by Lupin, Pune, India. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, Labrafil®, Labrasol®, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30), propylene glycol, Transcutol® P, and Tween 80, were obtained commercially (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were obtained from Qualikems, New Delhi, India.
7
Transdermal Leuprolide Acetate Delivery
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Leuprolide acetate was purchased from Anygen (Gwangju, Republic of Korea). Eudragit RLPO was provided by Evonik Korea (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; Methocel K4M Premium EP) was provided by Colorcon Dow Chemical CompanyTM (Dartford, UK). The propylene glycol was purchased from Samchundang Chemicals (Seoul, Republic of Korea). L-α-phosphatidylcholine and lauroyl-L-carnitine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The permeation barrier membrane (PB-M) was purchased from Logan Instruments Corp. (Somerset, NJ, USA), and the PermeaPad membrane was supplied by InnoME GmbH (Espelkamp, Germany). Isopropyl myristate was used as a membrane activator (Sigma-Aldrich). HPLC-grade solvents, including anhydrous ethanol and acetonitrile, were purchased from Samchundang (Seoul, Republic of Korea). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical or reagent grade and were used without further purification.
8
Antioxidant Compound Synthesis Protocol
9
Spectrophotometric Photodegradation Analysis
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NA, propylene glycol, microcrystalline cellulose, Brij® 97, and isopropyl myristate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Ethanol and methanol were from J.T. Baker (Deventer, Holland).
UV spectra were recorded by using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 40P Spectrophotometer by setting the following instrumental conditions: λ range 200–450 nm, scan rate 1 nm/s; time response 1 s; spectral band 1 nm. Spectral acquisition and elaboration were made by using the dedicate software UV WinLab® (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). A light cabinet Suntest CPS+ (Heraeus, Milan, Italy) equipped with a Xenon lamp was used to perform the photodegradation experiments. The ID65 standard filter was set to simulate sunlight in a spectral range between 300 and 800 nm. Multivariate analysis was performed by the software Matlab® computer environment (Mathwork Inc., version 7, Torino, Italy).
UV spectra were recorded by using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 40P Spectrophotometer by setting the following instrumental conditions: λ range 200–450 nm, scan rate 1 nm/s; time response 1 s; spectral band 1 nm. Spectral acquisition and elaboration were made by using the dedicate software UV WinLab® (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). A light cabinet Suntest CPS+ (Heraeus, Milan, Italy) equipped with a Xenon lamp was used to perform the photodegradation experiments. The ID65 standard filter was set to simulate sunlight in a spectral range between 300 and 800 nm. Multivariate analysis was performed by the software Matlab® computer environment (Mathwork Inc., version 7, Torino, Italy).
10
Formulation and Characterization of Silymarin
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Silymarin was a generous gift from SEDICO Pharmaceutical Company (Cairo, Egypt). Lecithin was purchased from MP Biomedicals (LCC, Santa Ana, CA, USA). Isopropyl myristate (IPM), pluronic F-127, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, and sodium chloride were purchased from ADWIC (El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Co., Cairo, Egypt).
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