Other chemicals and reagents

SC was obtained from EIPICO pharmaceutical company (Cairo, Egypt) as a gift, whereas β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) was kindly supplied by Nihon Shukohin Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Emcosoy was a gift from RS PHARMA GmbH & Co. KG (Rosenberg, Germany). Explotab and PVP K30 were purchased from Fluka Chemical Company (Buchs, Switzerland). Mannitol, citric acid, and xylitol were purchased from (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Chemicals 1–8 (Table 2) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), the acetonitrile purchased from Fisher Scientific (USA) was of HPLC grade, and the other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (Beijing, China). Competent cells, including E.␣coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae INVSc1, were purchased from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China) and Invitrogen (USA) and transformed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. To analyse the gene expression at the transcriptional level, S. cerevisiae S288C and K. lactis NRRL Y‐1140 were cultivated in synthetic complete medium containing 2% glucose, 0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Biosharp) and 0.5% amino acids. Y. lipolytica CLIB122 was cultivated in potato dextrose broth and a defined synthetic medium according to the method described by Mansour et␣al. (2008 (link)). Then, 5 g l^‐1l‐Met was added into the medium to induce the expression of genes related to l‐Met catabolism (Jia et␣al., 2016 ; Xu et␣al., 2018 (link)).