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23 protocols using sialidase

1

Siglec-F and Muc5b Western Blotting

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Expression levels of Siglec-F binding proteins and Muc5b were assayed by western blotting using standard separation and transfer techniques. For detection of Siglec-F binding proteins, the blots were incubated with Siglec-F-human IgG1 Fc chimera (Siglec-F-Fc, 0.5 μg/mL, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), which was pre-complexed with ECL anti-human IgG, horseradish peroxidase-linked whole antibody (from sheep, 1:2500, GE Healthcare, UK), in blocking solution (4% bovine serum albumin in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20) at room temperature for 1 hour. Anti-Muc5b goat polyclonal antibody I-12, used 1:300 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) was diluted in blocking solution. Binding of Siglec-F or antibody probes were detected by chemiluminescence using either the ECL western blotting detection system (GE Healthcare UK Ltd, England) or the SuperSignalWest Pico Chemiluminescent substrate (ThermoScientific). Siglec-F-Fc and antibody binding was quantified by scanning densitometry using NIH ImageJ software. Some samples were pretreated with sialidase (Clostridium perfringens, 1.6 mU/mL, 2 hr, 37°C, Sigma-Aldrich; or Vibrio cholera, 100 mU/mL, 1 hr, 37°C, kindly provided by Dr. Ronald Schnaar, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) to confirm sialidase sensitivity.
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2

Platelet Depletion and Desialylation

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Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μl of rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS, Inter-cell Technologies) or intravenously by retroorbital injections with 50 mU of α2–3,6,8 neuraminidase (sialidase) from C. perfringens (Sigma-Aldrich).
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3

Sialidase Treatment of Cells

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Cells were recovered, washed twice with PBS, and suspended in phosphate buffer (pH 5.8). Sialidase (derived from Clostridium perfringens, Sigma) was added at a concentration of 100 mU/ml and reacted at 37 °C for 30 min.
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4

Modulation of BMDC Activation by Sialic Acid Analogs

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On day 0, day 3, and day 6 of the BMDC culture, 250 µM Ac53FaxNeu5Ac or DMSO was added to the medium, except for the dose titration experiment, where a concentration between 0 and 500 µM of Ac53FaxNeu5Ac was used. Sialidase treatment was performed with differentiated BMDCs on day 7 by adding 250 mU/ml Sialidase from Clostridium perfringens (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 hour (h) at 37 °C. After incubation, the cells were washed thoroughly and used for experiments. For the TLR stimulation, 1*105 day 7 BMDCs were plated into 96-well round bottom plates (Corning) and stimulated with CpG (200 and 400 ng/ml) or LPS (1 and 10 ng/ml) for 18 h at 37 °C. After the stimulation, the cells were harvested and stained for flow cytometry analysis.
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5

Viral Titer Quantification by Immunofluorescence

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Viral titers were determined by immunofluorescence (IF) on sub-confluent MDCKII cells as decribed12 (link). Rabbit polyclonal anti-H18 and secondary anti-rabbit IgG coupled to Cyanine Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:500) antibodies were used to detect and quantify H18 positive cells.
Bat rectal swab samples were collected in 500 μL brain heart infusion (BHI) medium and subsequently filtered by adding additional 500 μL PBS through a 0.45 μm filter. The filtered flow-through was used for virus titration by performing tenfold dilution series in PBS. Viral titers were determined by IF on sub-confluent MDCKII cells pretreated with 100 mU per mL sialidase (Sigma) for 1 h and DEAE for 30 min at 37°C respectively, using rabbit polyclonal anti-NP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1:400) and the secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG coupled to FITC (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1:400) antibodies.
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6

Sialidase Treatment and Chemokine Receptor Blocking for CD8+ T Cell Analysis

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For removing sialic acid residues, cell-sorted subsets of CD8+ T cells were treated with 0.1 units of sialidase (from Vibrio cholera, Sigma-Aldrich) in 1 ml RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies) containing 10% FBS (Gemini Bio-Products) and 2 mM L-glutamine for 2.5 hr at 37°C. For inhibiting Gi/o proteins, CD8+ T cells were pre-incubated with pertussis toxin (1 μg/ml (R and D Systems) in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 10 mM HEPES for 3 hr at 37°C. For blocking CCR2 and CCR5, pre-incubation was with BMS CCR2 22 (2 μM (Tocris, Minneapolis, MN) or Maraviroc (10 μM (Tocris), respectively, for 30 min at 37°C and inhibitors were left in the medium throughout the assay. For neutralizing CCL20, HUVEC monolayers in flow chambers were pre-treated for 2 hr at 37°C with 20 μg/ml anti-human CCL20/MIP-3α antibody (c67310; R and D Systems), and antibody was maintained at 10 ng/ml throughout the assay.
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7

Influenza Virus Binding and Internalization

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For influenza virus binding, A549 cells with FGFR1, FGFR4, or GFP overexpression were pretreated with or without 0.01 units of sialidase (Sigma-Aldrich) ml-1 at 37°C for 8 h [9 (link)], and then pre-cooled for 10 min, incubated with PR8 or H5N1 virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 at 4°C for 1 h, and finally washed twice with ice-cold PBS [1 (link)]. Cell lysates were prepared at 4°C with ice-cold RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail. For virus internalization, cells with prebound virus were warmed to 37°C for 30 min and then washed with acidic cold PBS-HCl (pH 1.3) for detection of internalized virus particles, but not attached particles [9 (link)]. Cell lysates were obtained to determine influenza virus NP levels by Western blotting.
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8

Far-Western Blot for Protein Interactions

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For Far-Western blot, vimentin or sialidase (Sigma) pretreated vimentin (for 0.5 h at 37°C) was separated by SDS-PAGE, then transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad) and blocked with 5% (w/v) skimmed milk for 2 h at 37°C. Subsequently, the membranes were washed thrice using TBST (TBS containing 0.01% Tween 20) and incubated with the recombinant fragments of SssP1 for 2 h at 37°C. After thrice wash, the processed membranes were incubated with the specific antibody (1:2000 dilution) (Thermo Fisher) for 1 h at 37°C. After another thrice wash, the membranes were stained with the HRP conjugated secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher, 1:2000) for 1 h at 37°C. The positive bands were detected using the 3,3’-diaminobenzidine. Except for co-incubation with recombinant fragments of SssP1, the Western blot detecting ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5 and β-actin was performed in a similar procedure.
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9

Site-Specific Protein Glycosylation

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All solvents and chemicals were used without further purification, unless otherwise specified. The amino acids used in this study were purchased from Bachem. DMF (Dimethylformamide, HPLC grade), CH3CN and CH2Cl2 from Fisher, TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), DIEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine), N,N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and Boc-aminooxyacetic acid (Boc-Aoa-OH) and Sialidase (from Clostridium perfringens) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. DI-water (18 MΩ) was prepared using a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system. HCTU (o-(1-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate) and MBHA resin (4-methylbenzhydrylamine, 0.65 mmol/g) were purchased from Peptides International. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) was purchased from GL Biochem Shanghai. Rink amide (0.68 mmol/g) and Aminohexanoic acid (Ahx) were purchased from Novabiochem. TIS (Triisopropylsilane) was purchased from Oakwood Chemical. AmiconUltra Centrifugal filtration devices (0.5 mL, 50 MW cutoff) and TRITC-dye-conjugated Sambucus nigra (Elderberry Bark, SNA I) were respectively purchased from Millipore Inc. and EY Laboratories. Glycans 1a and 1b were obtained from chicken eggs as described by Kajihara, 12 (link)30 (link)44 and provided as a generous gift by GlyTech Inc. (Kyoto, Japan).
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10

Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Immunostaining Protocol

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The following are primary reagents for flow cytometry and immunostaining unless specifically stated in individual method sections. These include directly conjugated primary antibodies to murine CD41-Percp-Cy5.5 (#133918), P-selectin-FITC (#304903, CD45-FITC (#103108), F4/80-PE (#123110), and Ly6G-PE (#127608), which were from BioLegend. Primary antibodies to murine CD31 (#ab119341) and F4/80 (#ab6640) were from Abcam. Secondary antibodies include goat anti-AH (#AF647, Abcam), and donkey anti-rat (#AF488, Abcam). Other reagents include Strep-Cy3 and Hoechst 33342 (#62249, Fisher Scientific), CellTracker Deep Red (#C34565 Life Technologies), and Zombie Aqua (#423101, BioLegend). Arthrobacter ureafaciens (#10269611001)- or Clostridium perfringens (#11586886001)-derived neuraminidase (sialidase) were purchased from Sigma.
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