Idazoxan hydrochloride

BU224 hydrochloride, 2-BFI hydrochloride, tracizoline oxalate, phenyzoline oxalate and CR4056 were synthesized according to standard procedures at the Research Triangle Institute and fully characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. RS45041 ((4-chloro-2-(imidazolin-2-yl) isoindoline) was kindly provided by National Institute of Mental Health’s Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply program (Bethesda, MD, USA). Idazoxan hydrochloride, agmatine hydrochloride, clonidine hydrochloride, naltrexone hydrochloride, harmane hydrochloride, haloperidol, and MDL100907 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Patterson Veterinary (Devens, MA, USA). Morphine sulfate, methadone hydrochloride and methamphetamine hydrochloride were provided by Research Technology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (Rockville, MD, USA). All drugs were dissolved in 0.9% physiological saline except otherwise noted. CR4056 was dissolved in 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with saline and a drop of hydrochloric acid. haloperidol was dissolved in 0.9% physiological saline with a drop of acetic acid. MDL100907 was dissolved in 20% DMSO with saline.

2-BFI, BU224 and CR4056 were synthesized according to standard procedures (Jarry et al., 1997 ; Ishihara and Togo, 2007 ). Idazoxan hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Unless otherwise noted, all drugs were dissolved in physiological saline and administered either i.p. or i.pl (peripheral), or dissolved in DPBS and administered i.c.v. (central). CR4056 was dissolved in 20% DMSO with saline and a drop of HCl and administered i.p. Doses are expressed as mg of the form indicated earlier per kg body weight. Injection volumes were 1 ml/kg for i.p., 50 µl for i.pl, and 4 µl for i.c.v.

2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-BFI) hydrochloride, BU224 hydrochloride, S22687, tracizoline oxalate, phenyzoline, and CR4056 were synthesized according to published procedures (Ferrari et al. 2011 (link); Ishihara and Togo 2007 ; Pigini et al. 1997 (link)). RS45041 was kindly provided by National Institute of Mental Health’s Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply program (Bethesda, MD, USA). Idazoxan hydrochloride, verapamil hydrochloride, nimodipine, and acetaminophen were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Laramie, WY). W-7 hydrochloride and ryanodine were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). DOM was provided by Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse (Rockville, MD). All drugs were dissolved in 0.9% saline except otherwise noted. Verapamil and nimodipine were dissolved in 20% DMSO and 10% Alkamuls EL-620 (Novecare, Cranbury, NJ) in saline. acetaminophen, W-7 and ryanodine were dissolved in 20% DMSO in saline. CR4056 was suspended in 5% Tween 80 and sonicated before use. Doses of drugs are expressed in terms of their salt form, and all drugs were administered i.p. in a volume of 1 ml/kg.