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24 2 swedish interactive threshold algorithm

Manufactured by Zeiss
Sourced in Ireland, United States

The 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm is a visual field testing tool developed by Zeiss. It is designed to assess and analyze the central 24-degree visual field of the eye. The algorithm employs a standardized, interactive testing procedure to determine the sensitivity thresholds of the tested visual field.

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6 protocols using 24 2 swedish interactive threshold algorithm

1

Comprehensive Ophthalmic Assessment Protocol

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The ocular testing completed for ADAGES and DIGS has been described elsewhere.[8 (link), 11 (link), 15 (link)] In brief, participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including annual review of medical history, best-corrected visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), dilated funduscopy examination, pachymetry, simultaneous stereoscopic optic disc photography, standard automated perimetry (SAP) with 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA), and Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRTII; Heidelberg Engineering, Inc, Heidelberg, Germany). At each bi-annual follow-up visit, VF testing, IOP measurements and HRT imaging were completed.
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2

Longitudinal Ophthalmic Assessment Protocol

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Participants were evaluated at 6 month intervals. At the baseline visit and at each annual follow-up visit, subjects underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, IOP measurement, dilated stereoscopic fundus examination, and stereophotography of the ONH. VF testing by standard automated perimetry (SAP, Humphrey Field Analyzer; 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), OCT-A imaging and Spectral-Domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging were completed at baseline and every visit during follow-up. All included eyes had at least 3 visits with OCT-A and OCT imaging examinations that qualified for inclusion.
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3

Glaucoma Diagnostic Criteria and Exclusions

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The inclusion criteria for participants in this study included having an eye with the diagnosis of glaucoma with open angles on gonioscopy examination, a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/12 or better, a spherical refractive error within ±5.00 diopter (D), and cylindrical refractive error within ±3.00 D. All participants were also required to have performed standard automated perimetry testing with a 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) in the study eye within 6 months from the time of the visit, with ≤33% fixation losses and false-negative errors and ≤15% false-positive errors. The exclusion criteria for study eyes included a history of intraocular surgery (except uncomplicated cataract or glaucoma surgery, unless this was performed within the past 3 months from the time of the visit) or glaucoma due to secondary causes (e.g., trauma). Participants with any systemic or ocular disease (e.g., diabetes, age-related macular degeneration) or condition that affected cognition (e.g., dementia, stroke) or who were taking any medication known to affect retinal function (e.g., hydroxychloroquine) were excluded from this study. Participants were also excluded if they had any physical or mental impairment preventing them from participating in this study and/or providing informed consent.
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4

Retrospective Glaucoma Registry Analysis

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This was a retrospective study that used cross-sectional data from the Duke Glaucoma Registry, a database of electronic medical and research records at the Vision, Imaging, and Performance Laboratory at Duke University. The Duke Health Institutional Review Board approved this study, and a waiver of informed consent was granted due to the retrospective nature of this work. All methods adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects and the study was conducted in accordance with regulations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
The visual field tests were performed using SAP with the 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) protocol. Unreliable tests with more than 33% fixation losses or 15% false-positive errors were excluded. RNFL thickness measurements were obtained from peripapillary circle scans, acquired using the Spectralis SDOCT (Heidelberg Engineering, GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany). According to manufacturer recommendations, tests with a quality score lower than 15 were excluded. The fundus photos present in the database were acquired from two different cameras: Nidek 3DX (Nidek, Japan) and Visupac (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). The image was retained if the optic disc was entirely visible in the photo, and if no artifacts were present.
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5

Comprehensive Glaucoma Evaluation Protocol

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Participants were asked to identify their race by self-report using the National Eye Institute inclusion/enrollment system describing ethnicity and race (http://orwh.od.nih.gov/pubs/outreach.pdf [pages 120–121]). Information regarding a family history of glaucoma (biological mother, father, sibling, aunt, uncle, and grandparent) was also obtained. All participants were recruited from the glaucoma clinics and ophthalmic practices at each of the three recruiting sites, by advertisement and community presentations, and by referral from other ophthalmologists and optometrists in the community.
The ocular testing performed in ADAGES has been described elsewhere.14 (link) In brief, participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including annual review of medical history, best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, IOP measurement, dilated funduscopic examination, pachymetry, simultaneous stereoscopic optic disc photography, and standard automated perimetry VF testing with the 24–2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, California, USA). VFs were repeated every 6 months and optic disc photographs were performed every 12 months.
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6

Glaucoma Diagnosis and Genetics Study

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Participants were asked to identify their race by self-report using the National Eye Institute inclusion/enrollment system describing ethnicity and race (http://orwh.od.nih.gov/pubs/outreach.pdf [pages 120–121]). Information regarding a family history of glaucoma (biological mother, father, sibling, aunt, uncle, and grandparent) was also obtained. All participants were recruited from the glaucoma clinics and ophthalmic practices at each of the three recruiting sites, by advertisement and community presentations, and by referral from other ophthalmologists and optometrists in the community.
The ocular testing completed for ADAGES has been described elsewhere.12 (link) In brief, participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including annual review of medical history, best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), dilated funduscopic examination, pachymetry, simultaneous stereoscopic optic disc photography, and standard automated perimetry visual field (VF) testing with 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, California, USA). VFs were repeated every 6 months and optic disc photographs were performed every 12 months.
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