Serpin e1 pai 1

Secreted proteins, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, TGF-β, GM-CSF, IL-17A, TREM2, serpin E1/PAI-1, G-CSF, CCL18, and MMP-8 (all R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), were measured in the Nas or CAAs supernatants using sandwich ELISA in accordance with the methods provided by the manufacturer’s instructions. The detected signals were visualized using a microarray laser scanning system (GenePix, USA).

Once the patients consented to participating in the study and before performing the cardiac catheterization, a total of 6 mL of peripheral venous blood was collected using tubes containing coagulation-activating gel. Blood samples were centrifuged, and the resultant sera were aliquoted and stored at −80 °C until use. Sera were thawed under standard conditions, and the levels of inflammatory markers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, following the manufacturer’s recommended protocols. Adipokines: adiponectin (Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany; detection range 1.5–100 ng/mL), leptin (Millipore; 1.64–400 pg/mL), resistin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 0.2–10 ng/mL), IL-6 (R&D Systems; 3.1–300 pg/mL), and tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; Invitrogen, Vienna, Austria; 0.5–32 pg/mL). Cardiac Markers: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (Serpin E1/PAI-1; R&D Systems; 0.3–20 ng/mL), endothelin-1 (ET-1; R&D Systems; 0.4–25 pg/mL), serum amyloid A (SAA; Invitrogen, Frederick, MD, USA; 9.4–600 ng/mL), and CRP (RayBio, Norcross, GA, USA; 34.29–25,000 pg/mL).
Additionally, the levels of CK (40–129 U/L), CK-MB (0.3–4.88 ng/mL), pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP; 5–162.4 pg/mL), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT; 3–14 pg/mL) were measured using the Roche Cobas c701 automatic analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).