Prism 8

The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA), and the graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism 8.0, R software (version 4.0.3) and Adobe Illustrator CC 2019. Measurement data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and counting data as the median (quartile distance). After testing for normal distribution and homogenous variance, two-tailed independent T-test and ANOVA were utilized to compare data of two or multiple groups respectively. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was utilized in inconsistent data. Based on the 16 S rRNA sequencing results, the diversity between the two groups was analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Subsequently, the Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized to analyze PCoA results, where P < 0.05 denotes statistical efficacy.

All experiments were repeated independently at least three times, and the quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Independent sample (or paired) t tests were used for comparisons between two groups, and one-way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons if the data followed a normal distribution and had homogeneous variance. Nonparametric tests were used if the data did not meet these assumptions. GraphPad Prism 8.0 and Adobe Photoshop 2020 software were used for graphing, and SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Graphs and statistical significance were analyzed with GraphPad Prism 8.0 software (San Diego, USA), Adobe Photoshop CC2020, and Adobe Illustrator CC 2020. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Experiments were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests. Experiments with more than two groups were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and experiments involved two independent variables using two-way ANOVAs. Experiments were repeated at least three times. Differences were considered significant when *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. The figure legends provided all other pertinent information, such as sample size and precise statistical tests used.

All statistical analyses were performed and graphs were prepared with GraphPad Prism 8.0 software and Adobe Illustrator. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of continuous variables. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). For group comparisons, one-way ANOVA was used for continuous variables with normal distribution. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables with skewed distributions. Tukey’s post hoc test or Dunn’s post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05.

All statistical analyses were performed and graphs were prepared with GraphPad Prism 8.0 software and Adobe Illustrator. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality of continuous variables. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). For group comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare continuous variables with a normal distribution. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare continuous variables with a skewed distribution. Tukey’s post hoc test or Dunn’s post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Student’s t test and the Wilcoxon paired signed rank test were used to compare differences between two groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Significant differences are noted by asterisks (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001).

The original data were compiled using MS Excel 2019. All primers were designed using Primer Premier 5 software. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. All graphics were built using GraphPad Prism 8.0 and Adobe Illustrator 2021.

We used a between-subjects experimental design for all experiments. To determine an effective sample size for statistical comparisons, we used an online power and sample size calculator (https://clincalc.com/stats/samplesize.aspx). Assuming a significance level of 0.05, this calculator shows that with at least four mice per group, we had an 80% confidence level of achieving statistical significance between means of 1.1-fold. We excluded an animal from data analysis if flagged by an animal care technician for health reasons during the experimental period or if post hoc histological analysis showed no viral transduction as indicated by an absence of mCherry or GCaMP fluorescence.
Data were analyzed using Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software). Statistical tests included one-way ANOVA (Figure 4E), one-way ANOVA with repeated measures (Figure 3K and L; 4 K-L), two-way ANOVA (Figure 3C), two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (Figure 5D–N; 6D-G; 6K and L; 8C and D; 8G and H; 8K and L; 8O and P; 8S and T), and unpaired two-tailed t-test (Figure 3D), as described in the text and Supplementary file 1. Graphs were exported from Prism 8.0 to Illustrator (Adobe) for preparation of figures.