The pH of saturated soil paste was measured (Ohaus pH meter model Starter 3100C), by preparing the saturated paste, and extract (ECe) of the paste was used to measure soil EC using an EC-meter (Ohaus Starter 3100C).
Starter 3100c
Manufactured by Ohaus
Sourced in United States
The Ohaus Starter 3100C is a compact and durable pH/mV/temperature meter designed for use in laboratory settings. It features an easy-to-read LCD display and intuitive user interface. The Starter 3100C provides accurate pH, mV, and temperature measurements, making it a versatile tool for a variety of laboratory applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
12 protocols using starter 3100c
1
Measuring Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity
2
Measuring Cell Death in N. benthamiana Leaves
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The cell death of injected N. benthamiana leaves was assessed by measuring the ion leakage from leaf discs with minor modifications (Mittler et al., 1999 (link); Hwang and Hwang, 2011 (link); Yu et al., 2012 (link); Fang et al., 2016 (link)). Briefly, a total of five leaf discs (15 mm in diameter) were floated abaxial side up on 10 mL distilled water at room temperature for 3 h. Afterward, the conductivity of the bathing solution (A) was measured with a conductivity meter (Starter 3100C, OHAUS, Pine Brook, United States). Subsequently, the leaf discs were re-placed in the bathing solution and boiled in sealed tubes for 25 min. After the bathing solution cooled to room temperature, the conductivity (B) was measured again. For each measurement, the ion leakage was described as leakage percentage calculated as (A/B) × 100.
3
Membrane Permeation Characterization
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Permeation tests for dye and salt solutions were performed at a designed pressure using a flat-sheet cross-flow permeation test cell with a membrane area of 50.24 cm2. The equipment used to evaluate the membrane performance is shown in Fig. 2 . All the membranes loaded in the equipment were pressurized with water under 0.5 MPa for at least 30 min before testing to obtain a stable membrane water flux. The temperature of the feed tank was kept constant by using a water bath.
The permeation flux of the membrane was calculated using the following equation: where J is the permeation flux (L m−2 h−1), V is the permeate volume (L), A is the membrane area (m2), and t is the permeation time (h).
A conductivity meter (STARTER 3100C, Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was used to determine the solute concentrations in the permeate and feed. The dye concentration was measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Agilent 8453, Richardson, TX, USA) at the maximal absorption wavelength of each organic dye. The membrane rejection rate (R) of the dye or salt was calculated as follows: where R is the rejection rate (%), Cf is the feed concentration (mg L−1), and Cp is the permeate concentration (mg L−1). All cross-flow permeation experiments were conducted at room temperature.
The permeation flux of the membrane was calculated using the following equation: where J is the permeation flux (L m−2 h−1), V is the permeate volume (L), A is the membrane area (m2), and t is the permeation time (h).
A conductivity meter (STARTER 3100C, Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ, USA) was used to determine the solute concentrations in the permeate and feed. The dye concentration was measured using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Agilent 8453, Richardson, TX, USA) at the maximal absorption wavelength of each organic dye. The membrane rejection rate (R) of the dye or salt was calculated as follows: where R is the rejection rate (%), Cf is the feed concentration (mg L−1), and Cp is the permeate concentration (mg L−1). All cross-flow permeation experiments were conducted at room temperature.
4
Measuring Electrolyte Leakage for Frost Damage
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Electrolyte leakage (EL) is often used to test frost damage to living cells (Charrier, Cochard & Améglio, 2013a (link); Fernández-Pérez et al., 2018 (link)). We measured branch and leaf EL according to the methods of Fernández-Pérez et al. (2018) (link). A 15 cm segment and 3–4 compound leaves from the middle of each branch were cut, respectively. Fresh branch and leaf samples were cut into small pieces, then washed in distilled water and placed in a test tube immersed in deionized water at room temperature (20 °C) for 24 h. The test tube was gently shaken by an oscillator. The electrical conductivity (Ci) of the samples was measured using a conductivity meter (STARTER 3100C, Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ, USA). The samples were then autoclaved at 120 kg cm2 for 10 min. After cooling at room temperature, the samples were remeasured for electrical conductivity (Cf). EL (%) was calculated as (Ci/Cf) ×100.
5
Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples
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Five physicochemical parameters namely pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity were analyzed in the FSR and CWW samples collected and analyzed following the manufacturer's guide after calibration. The pH of each sample was determined using the OHAUS Starter 3100C pH meter. The electrode of the pH meter was rinsed with distilled water, wiped with tissue, and calibrated with a buffer solution of pH 7.00, which is close to the expected pH of water samples. This rinsing of the probe with distilled water was repeated before each sample was evaluated. The OHAUS Starter 3100C conductivity meter was used to determine the EC, TDS, and salinity. The meter was calibrated with 12.88 μS/cm standard solution and the conductivity sensor was placed in each sample to take the measurement for the EC. The same process was repeated for the TDS and salinity. For the determination of the turbidity, the VELP Scientifica TB1 Turbidimeter was used. Before use, the meter was calibrated with 20 and 0.2 NTU standard calibration solutions. The sample vial was cleansed with distilled water and rinsed with an aliquot of the sample each time before measuring the turbidity of the sample.
6
Fruit Peel Cell Membrane Permeability
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The determination of the cell membrane permeability for the fruit peel followed the method described by Shi et al. [39 (link)] with slight modifications. Thirty peels (5 mm diameter) from ten fruits were sampled and rinsed with distilled water. Then, the peels were transferred to a scale test tube containing 20 mL of distilled water. The peels were then allowed to stand for 1 h, and the initial electrolyte leakage (C1) was measured using a conductivity meter (STARTER3100C, Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ, USA). The scale test tube of the above extract was then boiled for 20 min and allowed to cool to measure the final electrolyte leakage (C2). The permeability of the fruit cell membranes was calculated according to the following formula:
7
Measuring Mycelia Conductivity with LPs
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The mycelia were collected by filtration after the conidia were shaken at 180 rpm at a temperature of 28 °C for 48 h. Then, 0.3 g of mycelia were suspended in 40 mL of distilled water, which contained LP at the EC50 (60 µg/mL). The group without LPs was used as control. The conductivity of the treated water was measured after 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h with a conductivity meter (OHAUS® STARTER3100C, Parsippany, NJ, USA).
8
Monitoring Pt(II) Complex Dissociation
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The solvent/chlorido ligand exchanges (solvent = DMSO) of the platinum(ii ) complexes were monitored using conductivity measurements to calculate the dissociation rate of Pt-OEt (as it is a weak electrolyte). Solutions of the complexes of three concentrations, 3.0 × 10−4, 1.5 × 10−4, and 7.5 × 10−5 mM, were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide, and their conductivities were recorded at 25 °C in μS cm−1, employing an OHAUS STARTER3100C with an STCON3 conductivity electrode. Furthermore, 1H NMR was utilized to investigate the DSMO/chlorido and aqua/chlorido exchange processes for Pt-OEt and Pt-NEt2.
9
Oral pH Monitoring and Radiotherapy-Related Caries
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The oral pH values were assessed every 3 months during the first 2 years and every 6 months thereafter. For standardized pH measurement, patients were instructed to avoid eating and drinking for at least 60 min before saliva collection. Although the oral pH for all patients could not be measured at the same time of day, most were taken at 10 a.m. or 3 p.m,. At least 1 ml of saliva was collected and measured using the Ohaus Starter 3100C conductivity bench meter (ST3100C, Ohaus Corporation, Parsippany, NJ, USA). The salivary pH was measured by an oncologist. RRC were diagnosed independently by a radiotherapist and a dentist based on the clinical presence of caries in the participants following radiotherapy.
10
Measuring Electrolyte Leakage in Frozen Plant Leaves
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The relative electrolyte leakage was measured with fresh materials immediately after freezing treatment finished. Clean leaves were stored in wet gauze to prevent the leaves from losing water and were cut into 1-cm pieces. Each treatment was divided into two groups, each group was repeated three times with 0.5 g sample, which was immersed with 20 mL of ddH2O. A set of samples (S1) was placed in a vacuum desiccator, and the gas was repeatedly pumped three to four times with a vacuum pump to remove air between the water and the surface of the blade and between the cell gaps, so that the electrolyte in the leaf tissue was easily oozing out. The pressure was controlled at 400 to 500 mm Hg to make the decompression conditions uniform. After 0.5 h of decompression, the normal pressure was restored, and the temperature was kept at 20°C to 30°C for 2 to 3 h. Another set of samples (S2) was placed in a boiling water bath for 10 to 15 min to kill the tissue and completely destroy the plasma membrane. The tissue exudates of the two groups of samples were separately poured into clean small glasses, and the conductivity was measured by a conductivity meter Starter 3100C (OHAUS, Newark, NJ, United States).
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