Catalase

Isorhamnetin (purity >98%), 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and all of the other reagents were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activity of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, sensitivity: 7.81 mU/mL and CV% <8%) and creatine kinase (CK, sensitivity: 0.039 mU/mL and CV% < 8%), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. The BCA protein assay kit and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent were purchased from Pierce. An In Situ Cell Death Detection kit was from Roche.

Cortex Juglandis Mandshuricae (bark) were purchased from Anguo City Changda Chinese Herb Beverage Co. And authorized by professor Hongyan Liu of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The commercial kits, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). The commercial kits, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were purchased from Jiangsu Jingmei Biological Technology. RIPA lysate, PMSF (100 mM), phosphorylated protease inhibitor, protein quantification (BCA) assay kit, nuclear and plasma protein extraction kit, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (0.45 μm), primary antibody, secondary antibody, skimmed milk powder and enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (ECL) were purchased from Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co. Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid were purchased from Chengdu Kromax Biotechnology Co.

All the solvents used for extract were of analytical grade (Baishi Chemical Co. Ltd., Tianjin, P. R. China), and water was double distilled. Metformin hydrochloride tablets were purchased from Harbin Tongyitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (China). Antibodies to GRP78, ß-actin, phospho-IER1α, phosphor-PERK, phospho-e1F2α, XBP1s, IER1α, PERK, and e1F2α were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The secondary antibody was purchased from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd (China). Electrophoresis reagents, including Bis-Tris gels, running buffer, and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane, were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ECL was bought from GE Healthcare (UK). Kit of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), blood plasma free fatty acid (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG), fructosamine, hexokinase (HK), glycogen, catalase (CAT), total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (China). Pierce TMT® Mass Tagging Kits and Reagents were purchased from Thermo Science Pierce (Rockford, USA).

The GSH-Px, SOD, catalase, MDA and the total protein assay kits were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute and Biyuntian Institute (Nanjing, China), respectively. Stock standard solutions for sodium selenite [GBW (E) 080215] as well as VE (α-tocopherol acetate) were supplied by the National Research Center for Standard Materials and Food Detection Science Institute (Beijing, China). Real-time PCR reagents were obtained from TaKaRa (Dalian, China).

Scopolamine hydrobromide was dissolved in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml. Donepezil was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Donepezil was purchased from Shandong Jinan Dexinjia Bio-technology Limited Company (Shandong, China). Scopolamine hydrobromide injection (Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Mingxing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) was purchased from Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Guangzhou, China). Kits used for detection of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Anti-β-actin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Secondary antibodies (horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-rabbit IgG and anti-mouse IgG) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Primary antibodies including anti-synaptophysin (SYN), anti-postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), and anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were purchased from Abcam, Inc.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, Sydney strain or SS1) was provided by Professor Young-Joon Surh (Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea). H. pylori SS1 was grown on Columbia Agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, Cat number CM0331) plates for 48 h at 37 °C under microaerophilic conditions on 7% lysed horse blood (Solarbio, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology, Beijing, China Cat number S9050) agar and antibiotics, including amphotericin B (1.5 μg/mL; Solarbio, Cat number: A8250), trimethoprim (1.25 μg/mL) (Tichea Chemical Industry Development Co, Shanghai, China, Product code T2286), and vancomycin (2.5 μg/mL) (Solarbio, Cat number: V8050). Identification was performed by Gram staining (Solarbio, Cat number G1060) and testing for urease (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China; Cat number C013-2), catalase (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Cat number A007-1), and molecular markers.