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11 protocols using ab34735

1

Immunofluorescence Staining of Mouse Brain

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Mice were anesthetized with phenytoin/pentobarbital and perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4), followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB; pH = 7.4). After an overnight post-fix in 4% PFA, brains were cryoprotected overnight in 30% sucrose before being embedded in OCT and stored at −80 °C. Free-floating sections (30 µm) were prepared with a cryostat. They underwent three washes in PBST (PBS + 0.3% Triton X-100) and were blocked in 3% normal donkey serum in PBST (1–2 h). Sections were then incubated overnight at 4 °C in primary antibodies, including rabbit anti-Satb2 1:2500 (ab34735, Abcam), mouse anti-Satb2 1:1500 (ab34735, Abcam), rabbit anti-Fos 1:2000 (#22505, Cell Signaling; ab190289, Abcam), goat anti-Fos 1:300 (sc-52-G, Santa Cruz), chicken anti-GFP 1:10,000 (ab13970, Abcam), goat anti-CGRP 1:1000 (ab36001, Abcam), and/or rabbit anti-dsRed 1:1000 (632475, Takara). The next day, the tissue was washed three times in PBS and incubated 1–2 h in appropriate secondary antibodies including Alexa Fluor 488/594 donkey anti-sheep, Alexa Fluor 488/594 donkey anti-goat, Alexa Fluor 488/594 donkey anti-rabbit, or Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-chicken (1:500; Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories). Tissue was washed three times in PBS, mounted onto glass slides, and coverslipped with Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech).
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2

Immunostaining Protocol for Satb2 and GFP

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Following viral transduction, slices were fixed overnight at 4°C in 0.1 M phosphate-buffer containing 4% formaldehyde. Then, slices were rinsed with phosphate-buffer saline (PBS), permeabilized with PBS/gelatin 0.2%/Triton 0.25%, and incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti-Satb2 (1:1000, ab34735, Abcam; Lee et al., 2010 (link)) and chicken anti-GFP (1:1000, GFP-1020, Aves Labs; Tricoire et al., 2010 (link)). After washing in PBS, the respective immunoreactions were visualized with the following secondary antibodies: goat-anti-rabbit AlexaFluor 555 (1:1000, A-21430, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and goat-anti chicken AlexaFluor 488 (1:1000, A-11039, Thermo Fisher Scientific) incubated 1 h at room temperature. Sections were mounted with fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech) on slides for visualization. Images of immunostained material were acquired using a Leica TCS SP5 AOBS inverted confocal microscope with a 40× objective (40× HCX P APO CS NA 1.25–0.75/Oil) and LAS AF software (Leica Microsystems). Cell counting was performed using Image Pro Analyzer 7.0.0.951 (MediaCybernetics).
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3

Immunohistochemistry of E16.5 Mouse Brains

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Isolated E16.5 embryonic brains were fixed immediately for 24 h in 4% PFA in PBS at 4°C. Brains were then cryoprotected in 10% sucrose for 2 h then in 30% sucrose (in PBS) overnight, embedded in Tissue-Tek, stored at −20°C, and cryosectioned 12 μm. Sections on coverslips were preblocked with 2% BSA, 0.5% Triton (in PBS) for 1 h. Primary antibodies (Satb2, 1:500, Abcam (ab34735), Tbr1, 1:500, Abcam (ab31940) and anti-GFP (chicken, Aves Labs, 1:1,000) were applied in blocking solution overnight at 4°C. Fluorescent 11 secondary antibodies were applied according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Life Technologies). The coverslips were counterstained with Hoechst mounted with ImmoMount and imaged with a confocal laser-scanning microscope Leica (SP5). Data were processed with ImageJ software.
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4

Satb2-Mediated Dlx1 Regulation in Mouse Hypothalamus

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ChIP assay was performed using hypothalamic tissues of wild-type mice (E16.5) according to the manufacturer’s protocol of SimpleChIP Plus Sonication Chromatin IP Kit (#56383, Cell signaling technology). The supernatant was immunoprecipitated with a rabbit anti-Satb2 antibody (ab34735, Abcam). Co-precipitated DNA was purified and relative DNA abundance of regions of interest was measured by real-time PCR. The following primers were used for PCR: Dlx1-MAR1: 5′AGCCTCACCTTGTGGTTTGG3′ and 5′GCAGCATGTTGGTTGGAGC3′; Dlx1-MAR2: 5′CCAGGTCGCTTTAAAGTAAGACAC3′ and 5′CAACAGAACGGAAAGAGGCTAAGC3′; Dlx1-MAR3: 5′GTGACTTCTCTAGCAAGGAGAC3′ and 5′CTAAAGACCGCCTTCCTTGAGC3′. Three animals were used for the ChIP assay for each group.
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5

Immunostaining of Pluripotent and Neural Markers

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10–20 min, washed with PBS three times (5 min each), permeabilized with 0.1% triton X-100 for 15 min, incubated in blocking solution (2% BSA) for 1 hour at RT and then in primary antibodies (goat anti-Nanog, Abcam ab77095, 1:500; rabbit anti-Lin28, Abcam ab46020, 1:500; rabbit anti-Oct4, Abcam ab19857, 1:500; mouse anti-SSEA4, Abcam ab16287, 1:200; mouse anti-Nestin, Abcam ab22035, 1:200; rabbit anti-Musashi1, Abcam ab52865, 1:250; rat anti-CTIP2, Abcam ab18465, 1:250; rabbit anti-SATB2, Abcam ab34735, 1:200; chicken anti-MAP2, Abcam ab5392, 1:1000; rabbit anti-FZD9, Origene TA314730, 1:150; chicken anti-EGFP, Abcam ab13970, 1:1000; rabbit anti-Synapsin1, EMD-Millipore AB1543P, 1:500; mouse anti-Vglut1, Synaptic Systems 135311, 1:500; rabbit anti-Homer1, Synaptic Systems 160003, 1:500) overnight at 4°C. The next day, cells were washed with PBS three times (5 min each), incubated with secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488, 555 and 647, Life Technologies, 1:1000) for 1 hour at RT, and washed with PBS three times (5 min each). Nuclei were stained using DAPI (1:10,000). Slides or coverslips were mounted using ProLong Gold antifade mountant (Life Technologies).
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Samples

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Protein samples were separated on SDS-PAGE gels and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore). Membranes were processed according to the ECL Western Blotting Protocol (GE Healthcare). Anti-PDE10A (SAB2700582; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-SATB2 (ab34735; Abcam), anti-PTPN2 (MABS1753; Millipore), anti-DNMT3A (3598S; CST), anti-PKA C-α (4782S; CST), anti-Phospho-PKA C (Thr197) (5661S; Cell Signaling Technology), and anti-PSD-95 (MAB1598; Millipore) were used as primary anntibodies at a 1:1,000 dilution. HRP-labeled secondary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (7074S & 7076S) and were used at a dilution of 1:5,000. The antibodies against GAPDH (AM4300; Thermo Fisher) or Actin (A5060; Sigma-Aldrich) were used for loading controls. All Western blot quantifications were performed using ImageJ software. Full Western blotting images are summarized in Supplementary Fig. 15.
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7

Immunostaining of Pluripotent and Neural Markers

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Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10–20 min, washed with PBS three times (5 min each), permeabilized with 0.1% triton X-100 for 15 min, incubated in blocking solution (2% BSA) for 1 hour at RT and then in primary antibodies (goat anti-Nanog, Abcam ab77095, 1:500; rabbit anti-Lin28, Abcam ab46020, 1:500; rabbit anti-Oct4, Abcam ab19857, 1:500; mouse anti-SSEA4, Abcam ab16287, 1:200; mouse anti-Nestin, Abcam ab22035, 1:200; rabbit anti-Musashi1, Abcam ab52865, 1:250; rat anti-CTIP2, Abcam ab18465, 1:250; rabbit anti-SATB2, Abcam ab34735, 1:200; chicken anti-MAP2, Abcam ab5392, 1:1000; rabbit anti-FZD9, Origene TA314730, 1:150; chicken anti-EGFP, Abcam ab13970, 1:1000; rabbit anti-Synapsin1, EMD-Millipore AB1543P, 1:500; mouse anti-Vglut1, Synaptic Systems 135311, 1:500; rabbit anti-Homer1, Synaptic Systems 160003, 1:500) overnight at 4°C. The next day, cells were washed with PBS three times (5 min each), incubated with secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488, 555 and 647, Life Technologies, 1:1000) for 1 hour at RT, and washed with PBS three times (5 min each). Nuclei were stained using DAPI (1:10,000). Slides or coverslips were mounted using ProLong Gold antifade mountant (Life Technologies).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Samples

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Protein samples were separated on SDS-PAGE gels and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore). Membranes were processed according to the ECL Western Blotting Protocol (GE Healthcare). Anti-PDE10A (SAB2700582; Sigma-Aldrich), anti-SATB2 (ab34735; Abcam), anti-PTPN2 (MABS1753; Millipore), anti-DNMT3A (3598S; CST), anti-PKA C-α (4782S; CST), anti-Phospho-PKA C (Thr197) (5661S; Cell Signaling Technology), and anti-PSD-95 (MAB1598; Millipore) were used as primary anntibodies at a 1:1,000 dilution. HRP-labeled secondary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (7074S & 7076S) and were used at a dilution of 1:5,000. The antibodies against GAPDH (AM4300; Thermo Fisher) or Actin (A5060; Sigma-Aldrich) were used for loading controls. All Western blot quantifications were performed using ImageJ software. Full Western blotting images are summarized in Supplementary Fig. 15.
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9

Multiplexed smFISH and Immunocytochemistry

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smFISH targeting nascent RNA of HES1 or BCL11A were performed using RNAscope® Multiplex Fluorescent Reagent Kit v2(ACDBio). Probes binding the intronic region of target genes were designed and synthesized by ACDBio. FISH signal was labeled with TSA Plus Cyanine 5 (Perkin Elmer). Immunocytochemistry was carried out after FISH procedure [22 ]. Antibodies targeting GFP(Abcam, ab1218), mCherry (Abcam, ab205402), GFAP (Ab4648) and SATB2 (Abcam, ab34735) were incubated overnight. Secondary antibodies including Alexa Fluor 594 Goat anti-chicken IgY secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A11042), Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A21202), Alexa Fluor 546 donkey anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A10036) and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A21206) were incubated at RT for 1hr. Nuclei are stained with DAPI for 5 min before mounting with ProLong™ Gold Antifade Mountant (Thermo Fisher Scientific, P36930).
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10

Immunofluorescence Characterization of Cerebral Organoids

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Cerebral organoids were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C. The following day, the Matrigel was removed, and the organoids were incubated in fresh 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 h at 4°C. Subsequently, the organoids were allowed to sink in a 30% sucrose solution at 4°C and then were embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound (Scigen, Gardena, CA, USA) and incubated at −80°C for 1 d. Thereafter, the organoids were cryosectioned into 20-μm-thick sections, permeabilized in 0.3% Triton X-100, and blocked with a 3% bovine serum albumin solution for 1 h. The sections were then incubated overnight with primary antibodies at 4°C. The following antibodies were used in this study: anti-SOX2 (AB5603, Sigma), anti-PAX6 (MA1-109, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), anti-SATB2 (ab34735, Abcam), anti-O4 (MAB1326, R&D system, MN, USA), anti-O1 (MAB1327, R&D system), anti-GFAP (ab7260, Abcam) anti-DAPI (D1306, Invitrogen), and anti-TUJ1 (801202, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). The following secondary antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen: Alexa Fluor 594 (A21207 and A21203) and Alexa Fluor 488 (A21206 and 21202). Immunofluorescence was detected by confocal microscopy (LSM800; Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and analysis was performed using ZEN 2 blue edition software (Carl Zeiss).
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