Casein

Ascorbic acid, acetic acid, anethole standard, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methanol, ethanol, sodium phosphate dibasic, hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium ferricyanide, sodium phosphate monobasic, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), ferric chloride, ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ferrous chloride, ferrozine, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), ethylenediamminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and acetocarmine were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Germany, mueller–hinton broth (MHB) and agar (MBA), potato dextrose broth (PDB) and agar (PDA), casein, perchloric acid, potassium persulfate, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, and trypsin were procured from (HiMedia Nashik, India), sodium diclofenac was procured from Geltec Private Limited, Bangalore, acarbose was purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (SRL) and other standards of the essential oil were procured from Sigma Aldrich Germany., and albumin was extracted from a fresh egg collected from local market of Jorhat, India.

All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and utmost available purity. Keratin azure was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India while casein and gelatin were purchased from HiMedia, India. Chicken feathers were obtained from a local chicken slaughterhouse, extensively washed with warm water and mild detergents to remove blood, dirt, and other impurities followed by sun-drying for 4–5 days; and then were stored at room temperature, for further use.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (Avicel PH 102), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), magnesium stearate, casein, tyrosine, and trichloroacetic acid (98.0%) were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India) and papain (source Carica papaya), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (99.5%), cysteine hydrochloride (99.0%), carrageenan, tragacanth, agar, and citric acid (98.0%) were purchased from S. D. Fine-Chem Ltd., Mumbai, India. All chemicals were used as received. Double-distilled water was used throughout the study.

The molecules NAT-1 and NAT-2 (Figure 1) were synthesized, purified and characterized as explained previously (Kishore et al., 2009 (link)). Fetal bovine serum (Gibco^TM) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Casein, cellulose, methionine, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin–EDTA were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Primary antibodies of AMPKα, Phospho-AMPKα (Thr172), Akt, Phospho-Akt (Ser473), p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), Phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), Phospho NF-kB were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Cholesterol, choline bitartrate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St. Louis, MO, USA). Normal pellet diet for the animals were purchased from Amrit Feeds Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Sugar (Madhur brand) manufactured by Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd (Belgaum, Karnataka, India) was procured from the local market. The kits for biochemical estimations like triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol were purchased from Rapid Diagnostic Pvt. Ltd (Aspen Kits, New Delhi, India), and kits for the estimation of AST, ALT, albumin, creatinine and urea were purchased from Roche Diagnostics Ltd (Basel, Switzerland).

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium nitroprusside was purchased from Merck Ltd., India, Mumbai. Phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium linoleate, sulfanilamide, sulfuric acid, linoleic acid, ascorbic acid, and arachidonic acid were purchased from SD Fine Chem. Ltd, Mumbai. Thiobarbituric acid, lipopolysaccharide, hemoglobin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and bovine albumin were obtained from Central Drug House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Trypsin and casein were obtained from Hi-Media Lab. Ltd., Mumbai. N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, potassium persulfate, potassium phosphate buffer, glutathione, and benzene were obtained from LOBA CHEME Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. The chemicals include the following products: methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium chloride and were purchased from Geochim Sarl, west region of Cameroon. DSS was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan. Prednisolone (Solupred) and all other chemicals and reagents were pure analytical grade and obtained from local suppliers.