Six-week-old male ICR mice were obtained from CLEA Japan Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). All mice were housed in an environment maintained at 23 °C with a 12/12 h light–dark cycle (dark: 7:00–19:00) and were provided with water and standard chow (3.59 kcal/g; 55.3% carbohydrates, 23.1% protein, 5.1% fat, 5.8% ash, 2.8% fiber, and 7.9% moisture, MF diet) (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) ad libitum. They were acclimated for 1 week and were familiarized with the treadmill running exercise at a speed of 15–20 m/min for 10 min for 2 days before starting the experiment.
Standard chow
Manufactured by Oriental Yeast
Sourced in Japan
Standard chow is a balanced nutritional diet for laboratory animals. It provides essential nutrients required for the maintenance and growth of rodents, such as mice and rats, in a controlled research environment.
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8 protocols using standard chow
1
Acclimating ICR Mice for Treadmill Exercise
2
Astaxanthin Supplementation in Hairless Mice
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Female hairless Hos:HR-1 mice (6 weeks old) were purchased from Hoshino Laboratory Animals (Ibaragi, Japan). They were housed at 24 ± 1°C with a 12-h light:dark cycle. They were fed with free access to standard chow (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and water during the experiments. The experimental protocol of this study was approved by the Kyoto University animal committee. After acclimatization, mice were divided into four groups (n = 5). Mice in experimental groups were fed a diet of AIN-93G with 0.01% or 0.1% astaxanthin monoester purified from H. pluvialis (0.01%Ax and 0.1%Ax groups) (Table 1 ). Mice in normal and control groups were fed AIN-93G alone.
3
Standardized Housing and Feeding of C57BL/6J Mice
4
Linagliptin and OSI-906 in Mice
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C57BL/6J male mice (CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) aged 8 weeks were fed standard chow (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and were allowed free access to food and water at room temperature (25 °C) under a 12-h light cycle. The mice were randomly divided into four groups, and treated with the vehicle, linagliptin (Lina), OSI-906, or OSI-906 in combination with linagliptin (OSI-906 + Lina) for 7 days. This study was approved by the Yokohama City University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Permit Number: F-A-14-041, 31 Mar 2014) and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Care Committee of Yokohama City University.
5
High-Fat Diet Effects on C57BL/6J Mice
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Six-week-old male C57B/6J mice were fed a standard chow (Oriental Yeast Co., Osaka, Japan) or an HFD (HFD32; 5.1 kcal/g, 23% kcal from carbohydrate, 57% kcal from fat, 20% kcal from protein; CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) for either 8 or 16 weeks.
6
C57BL/6J Mice: OSI-906 Administration
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C57BL/6J male mice aged 7 weeks were purchased from CLEA Japan. All the mice were fed standard chow (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) and were allowed free access to food and water. Body weight was measured just before the administration of OSI-906 or the vehicle until day 7 or on days 8, 10, 14, 21, and 28. All the animal procedures were performed in accordance with the institutional animal care guidelines and the guidelines of the Animal Care Committee of Yokohama City University. The protocol was approved by the Yokohama City University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (Permit Number: F-A-13-043). The animal housing rooms were maintained at a constant room temperature (25 °C) under a 12-h light (7:00 A.M.)/dark (7:00 P.M.) cycle.
7
Exercise Effects on Mouse Metabolism
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All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Nagoya University. C57BL/6J male mice (8 weeks of age) were obtained from Chubu Kagakushizai Co. Ltd. (Nagoya, Japan). Mice were housed individually and fed with standard chow (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and water ad libitum. After a week of acclimation, the mice were randomly divided into three groups: the rest group, the lowintensity exercise group, and the high-intensity exercise group. The mice were maintained in a 12:12 h reversal light-dark environment at 23 °C.
8
Isolation-Induced Obesity in Mice
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Animal experiments. PIO and ALO were provided by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The CD diet and standard chow were purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Eight-week-old 30 male KK-A y mice were purchased from CLEA Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). These mice demonstrate ectopic overexpression of agouti peptide, an endogenous melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) antagonist, and social isolation promotes obesity due primarily to decreased energy expenditure and secondarily to increased food consumption. In addition, such isolation leads to insulin-independent diabetes associated with increased hepatic gluconeogenic
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