Lead iodide pbi2

Unless otherwise noted, all reagents used in the experiments were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. 3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazole, N,N-bis(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetraMethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-BenzenaMine, lead iodide (PbI₂), methylammonium iodide (MAI), acetonitrile (99.8%), chlorobenzene (99.9%), and dimethylformamide (DMF) (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI) were purchased from TCI. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) (99.0%) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd.
Perovskite precursor: The perovskite precursor was obtained by mixing PbI₂ and MACl (in a molar ratio of 1:1) in DMF with a concentration of 350 mg/mL, and was then stirred at 60 °C overnight in a glovebox.
Spiro-OMeTAD: The 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N’-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was doped with TBP and Li-TFSI. A total of 73.2 mg of Spiro-OMeTAD (Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China) was dissolved in 1 mL of chlorobenzene (CB) with 28.8 μL of 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and 17.6 μL of Li-bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI).

Unless otherwise stated, all the materials were purchased from Merck and used as received. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99%), and methylammonium bromide (MABr, 99%) were provided by Dyesol. Isopropanol (IPA, 99.5%), lead iodide (PbI₂), titanium diisopropoxide (TAA), and m-TiO₂ were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphene powder (purity ∼99%, sheet thickness ≤10 nm) was provided by Alibaba.

Cesium iodide (CsI) (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), lead iodide (PbI₂) (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich) methyl ammonium bromide (Greatcellsolar), formamidinium iodide (Greatcellsolar), tin chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O), (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) (99% Lumtec), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI, Sigma-Aldrich), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) (96%, Sigma-Aldrich), chlorobenzene (99.9%, spectrophotometric grade) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (99.7%, Sigma-Aldrich), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), anhydrous ethanol, FTO glass substrates, respectively.

Methylammonium iodide (CH₃NH₃I, Dyesol-Timo Co. Ltd., Seongnam, South Korea), lead iodide (PbI₂, 99%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), γ-butyrolactone (GBL, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used to prepare the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) precursor. Acidic PEDOT:PSS (AI 4083, Heraeus Company, Hanau, Germany) and neutral PEDOT:PSS (Neutral PEDOT:PSS, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as HTLs. Imidazole present in the neutral PEDOT:PSS affects the pH of the HTL solution. PCBM (6,6-phenyl-C70 butyric acid methyl ester)/titanium(VI) isopropoxide (TiO_x, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as the electron transport layer in PSCs.

Lead iodide (PbI₂) (purity 99%, Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), Cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃) (purity 99%, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany), Formamidinium bromide (FABr) (purity 99%, Greatcell Solar Materials, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia), Phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) (purity 99%, Greatcell Solar Materials, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia), Cyclohexylmethylammonium iodide (CHAI) (purity 99%, Greatcell Solar Materials, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia), 4-Trifluoromethyl-benzylammonium iodide (TFBI) (purity 99%, Greatcell Solar Materials, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia), Oleylamine (OLA) (Technical grade, purity 70%, Sigma Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands), Oleic acid (OA) (Technical grade, purity 90%, Sigma Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands), Octadecene (Technical grade, purity 90%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Hydriodic acid (57% in water, Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany), Isopropanol (IPA) (anhydrous, purity 99.5%, Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim am Albuch, Germany), Methyl acetate (Purity 99%, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany), Octane (Purity 99.8%, J T Baker Chemicals B V., Deventer, The Netherlands).