Acetic acid (99.5%), aluminum chloride hexahydrate, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 96% ethanol, 36% hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, methanol, phosphoric acid, potassium persulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), sodium acetate anhydrous, sodium carbonate anhydrous, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrite, and trichloroAcetic acid were purchased from Chempur, Poland. Neocuproine was delivered by J&K Scientific, Germany. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, acetonitrile, iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, gallic acid were supplied by Merck, Germany, whereas rutin trihydrate by Roth, Germany. ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TPTZ (2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), caffeine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. All the chemicals were of analytical grade.
Rutin trihydrate
Manufactured by Carl Roth
Sourced in Germany
Rutin trihydrate is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound. It is a yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. Rutin trihydrate is commonly used as a reference standard or analytical reagent in chemical and biological research applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium acetate anhydrous, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Sodium carbonate anhydrous, by Chempur (3 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Iron 2 sulfate heptahydrate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Chempur (3 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Copper 2 chloride dihydrate, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Iron 3 chloride hexahydrate, by Chempur (3 mentions)
Neocuproine, by J&K Scientific (3 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Carl Roth (3 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chempur (2 mentions)
Ferrozine, by Serva Electrophoresis (2 mentions)
8 protocols using rutin trihydrate
1
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds
2
Extraction and Characterization of Plant Polyphenols
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Methanol and ethanol were from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany) and were like all other solvents used of HPLC grade. Trolox, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid and phloridzin dihydrate were from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, coffeic acid, rutin trihydrate and acetic acid were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Avicularin was used from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Protocatechuic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin and procyanidin A2 were from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Reynoutrin was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (Berkshire, UK). 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was from Fisher Scientific (Nidderau, Germany). HPLC grade water (18 MΩ) was prepared using a MicroPure purification system (Thermo Electron LED GmbH, Niederelbert, Germany). Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), meta-phosphoric acid (Sigma–Aldrich) and all other chemicals were of analytical grade.
3
Antioxidant Capacity Assays Protocol
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DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TPTZ (2,4,6--tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3--ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxy-lic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA; gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate from Merck, Germany; rutin trihydrate from Roth, Germany; ferrozine from Serva Electrophoresis, Germany; neocuproine from J&K Scientific, Germany. Methanol, potassium persulfate, 36% hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, 99.5% acetic acid, sodium acetate anhydrous, sodium carbonate anhydrous, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium nitrite, aluminum chloride hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Chempur, Poland; ethanol from Linegal Chemicals, Poland. All reagents were of analytical grade.
4
Antioxidant Capacity Measurement Reagents
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ABTS•+ (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (≥98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), DPPH• (2,2-diphenyll-1-picryhydrazyl) radical (95%) and Trolox® (97%) were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Kandel, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC grade methanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), glacial acetic acid (100%, p.a.), sodium acetate trihydrate (≥99.5% p.a.), potassium thiocyanate (≥98.5%, p.a., ACS), 2,2′-dipyridyl (≥95%), hydrochloric acid (≥25%, p.a., ISO), gallic acid monohydrate (≥99%), potassium persulfate (≥99%), rutin trihydrate (working standard), chlorogenic acid (working standard), L-(+)-ascorbic acid (working standard), sodium carbonate (≥99%), ferric ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate, and ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).
5
Antioxidant Capacity Assay Reagents
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ABTS●+ (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (≥ 98%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical (95%) and Trolox® (97%) were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Kandel, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (MeOH; HPLC grade), acetonitrile (ACN; HPLC grade), glacial acetic acid (100%, p.a.), sodium acetate trihydrate (≥ 99.5% p.a.), gallic acid monohydrate (≥ 99%), potassium persulfate (≥ 99%), rutin trihydrate (working standard), chlorogenic acid (working standard), and L- (+)-ascorbic acid (working standard) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Ultrapure water (H2O) was purified by arium® pro obtained from Satorius (Göttingen, Germany).
6
Antioxidant Capacity Assays Protocol
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DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TPTZ (2,4,6--tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3--ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxy-lic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA; gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate from Merck, Germany; rutin trihydrate from Roth, Germany; ferrozine from Serva Electrophoresis, Germany; neocuproine from J&K Scientific, Germany. Methanol, potassium persulfate, 36% hydrochloric acid, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, 99.5% acetic acid, sodium acetate anhydrous, sodium carbonate anhydrous, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium nitrite, aluminum chloride hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Chempur, Poland; ethanol from Linegal Chemicals, Poland. All reagents were of analytical grade.
7
Ruminal Absorption of Quercetin Compounds
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For this in vivo experiment, cows described above were used in a crossover design with a 2-d wash-out period between each application. Animals were restrictively fed with a ration consisting of 1.5 kg of concentrate and 1.5 kg of hay twice daily (at 0800 and 1600 h) and had free access to tap water.
After a prefeeding phase of 1 wk, 10 and 50 mg of quercetin equivalents/kg of BW, respectively, were administered either as aglycone (quercetin dihydrate; Carl Roth GmbH) or as its rhamnoglucoside rutin (rutin trihydrate; Carl Roth GmbH) via the rumen fistula during morning feeding. Respective amounts of quercetin or rutin were suspended in 500 mL of physiological saline (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany). Saline without any addition was used as a control. Samples of rumen fluid (50 mL) were drawn 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after i.r. application and were immediately put on ice to stop any microbial activity. Afterward samples were centrifuged (12,035 × g, 4°C, 20 min) and 25 mL of the supernatant was removed, mixed with 2.5 mL of formic acid (90%, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and centrifuged again. The supernatant was frozen at -80°C until analysis.
After a prefeeding phase of 1 wk, 10 and 50 mg of quercetin equivalents/kg of BW, respectively, were administered either as aglycone (quercetin dihydrate; Carl Roth GmbH) or as its rhamnoglucoside rutin (rutin trihydrate; Carl Roth GmbH) via the rumen fistula during morning feeding. Respective amounts of quercetin or rutin were suspended in 500 mL of physiological saline (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany). Saline without any addition was used as a control. Samples of rumen fluid (50 mL) were drawn 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after i.r. application and were immediately put on ice to stop any microbial activity. Afterward samples were centrifuged (12,035 × g, 4°C, 20 min) and 25 mL of the supernatant was removed, mixed with 2.5 mL of formic acid (90%, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and centrifuged again. The supernatant was frozen at -80°C until analysis.
8
Detailed NMR Spectroscopy Protocol
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Dried and cut plant material (Lot 30079) was obtained from Alfred Galke GmbH (Bad Grund, Germany). Deuterated DMSO (Lot Q2981) for NMR spectroscopy was purchased from Euriso-top GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany, and conventional 5 mm sample tubes were obtained from Rototec-Spintec GmbH, Griesheim, Germany. Duroquinone TraceCERT for quantitative NMR (Lot BCBR5528V) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), rutin trihydrate (Lot 232180216) and frangulin A (Lot 4809527) were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany) and frangulin B (Lot 0429/0) was purchased from Extrasynthese SAS (Genay, France). Acetonitrile, methanol, and ortho-phosphoric acid (85%) were purchased from VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Water was doubly distilled in-house.
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