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10 protocols using neutrase 0.8 l enzyme

1

Microbial Metabolites from Chitosan and Enzymes

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High molecular weight chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; 310000-375000 Da) was purchased from Hangzhou Simit Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). ε-polylysine (CAS 25104-18-1), phosphate buffer (for microbiology, APHA, pH 7.2), ethyl acetate (CAS 141-78-6; ≥99.5%), and citric acid (CAS 77-92-9; ≥99.5%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Química S.A. (Madrid, Spain). Neutrase® 0.8L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Potato dextrose agar (PDA), yeast extract, and BactoTM Peptone were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Starch casein agar (SCA), Mueller Hinton agar, and malt extract agar (MEA) came from Oxoid Ltd. (Hampshire, UK). Molasses were supplied by ACOR, Sociedad Cooperativa General Agropecuaria (Castilla y León, España).
The three fungal isolates under study, viz. Diplodia seriata (ITACYL_F079), Neofusicoccum parvum (ITACYL_F111), and Botryosphaeria dothidea (ITACYL_F141), were supplied by ITACYL, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (Castilla y León, España).
The two Streptomyces spp. strains from which secondary metabolites were produced, Streptomyces lavendofoliae (DSM 40217) and Streptomyces rochei (DSM 41729) were purchased from DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen; Braunschweig, Germany).
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2

Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea using Streptomyces

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The two bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, viz. Streptomyces rochei (DSM 41729) and Streptomyces lavendofoliae (DSM 40217), were purchased from DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen; Braunschweig, Germany). The Botrytis cinerea (CECT 20973) isolate came from CECT (Spanish Type Culture Collection, Valencia, Spain).
High molecular weight chitosan, (CAS 9012-76-4; 310,000-375,000 Da), was purchased from Hangzhou Simit Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Phosphate buffer (for microbiology, APHA, pH 7.2), ethyl acetate (CAS 141-78-6), and citric acid (CAS 77-92-9) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Química S.A. (Madrid, Spain). Neutrase® 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Potato dextrose agar (PDA), potato dextrose broth (PDB), yeast extract, and BactoTM Peptone were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Tryptone soy broth (TSB), starch casein agar (SCA), Mueller–Hinton agar, and malt extract agar (MEA) came from Oxoid Ltd. (Hampshire, UK). Molasses was supplied by ACOR, Sociedad Cooperativa General Agropecuaria (Castilla y León, Spain).
The organic farming cv. ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Timpson’ grapes used in ex situ assays were supplied by FRUAMO, Las Cabezuelas Sociedad Cooperativa (Murcia, Spain).
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3

Chitosan Oligomers Preparation and Characterization

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Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; high MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was purchased from Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Chitosan oligomers (COS) with a molecular weight of < 2000 Da were prepared according to the procedure reported by Santos-Moriano et al. [64 (link)], with the modifications indicated in [65 (link)].
1-heptacosanol (CAS 2004-39-9, 98%), 4,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2-chromanone (AldrichCPR T313513), vitamin E (α-tocopherol, CAS 10191-41-0, analytical standard), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, CAS 1898-66-4), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, CAS 53188-07-1), methanol (CAS 67-56-1, UHPLC, suitable for MS), TSA (tryptic soy agar, CAS 91079-40-2) and TSB (tryptic soy broth, CAS 8013-01-2) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). PDA (potato dextrose agar) was supplied by Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA). All reagents were used as supplied, without further purification.
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4

Chitosan-Based Antifungal Formulation Development

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High-molecular weight chitosan (CAS No. 9012-76-4; MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Glycerin (CAS No. 56-81-5), vanillic acid 98% (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, CAS No. 100-76-5), and ammonium hydroxide, 50% v/v aq. soln. (CAS No. 1336-21-6) were acquired from Alfa Aesar. 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (CAS No. 279-24-3), acetic acid (purum, 80% in H2O; CAS No. 64-19-7), tryptic soy agar (TSA, CAS No. 91079-40-2), and tryptic soy broth (TSB, CAS No. 8013-01-2) were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA). Alkir® fungicide coadjuvant was purchased from De Sangosse Ibérica (Valencia, Spain).
Commercial fungicides used for comparison purposes, viz. Ortiva® (azoxystrobin 25%; reg. no. 22000; Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland), Vondozeb® (mancozeb 75%; reg. no. 18632; UPL Iberia, Barcelona, Spain), and Fosbel® (fosetyl-Al 80%, reg. no. 25502; Probelte, Murcia, Spain) were kindly provided by the Plant Health and Certification Service (CSCV) of Gobierno de Aragón.
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5

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Production Protocol

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High-molecular weight (310,000–375,000 Da) chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4) was purchased from Hangzhou Simit Chem. and Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was obtained from Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). The preparation of chitosan oligomers (COS) was carried out according to the procedure reported by Santos-Moriano et al. [74 (link)], with the modifications indicated in [73 (link)].
Eicosane (CAS 112-95-8, 99%), 1,2-tetradecanoic acid (CAS 544-63-8, Sigma Grade, ≥99%), linolenic acid (CAS 463-40-1, ≥99%), β-sitosterol (CAS 83-46-5, analytical standard), vitamin E (α-tocopherol, CAS 10191-41-0, analytical standard), methanol (CAS 67-56-1, UHPLC, suitable for MS), tryptic soy broth (TSB, CAS 8013-01-2) and tryptic soy agar (TSA, CAS 91079-40-2) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was acquired from Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA). All reagents were used as supplied without further purification.
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6

Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Formulation

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High molecular weight chitosan (CAS No. 9012-76-4; MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). Melamine cyanurate (CAS No. 37640-57-6; >99.0%) was purchased from Nachmann S.r.l. (Milano, Italy). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Chitosanase from Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici (EC 3.2.1.132, CAS No. 51570-20-8), acetic acid (purum, 80% in H2O; CAS No. 64-19-7), rhodamine B (analytical standard, CAS No. 81-88-9), methacrylic anhydride (CAS No. 760-93-0; ≥94%), Arsenazo III (CAS No. 1668-00-4), methanol (UHPLC, suitable for mass spectrometry, CAS 67-56-1), tetrahydrofuran (THF, CAS No. 109-99-9; ≥99.9%), tryptic soy agar (TSA, CAS No. 91079-40-2), and tryptic soy broth (TSB, CAS No. 8013-01-2) were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (CAS 13520-83-7, ACS grade, Honeywell Fluka) was supplied by Fisher Scientific SL (Madrid, Spain). Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
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7

Extraction and Characterization of Rubia tinctorum

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The specimens of Rubia tinctorum under study were collected on the banks of the Carrión river as it passes through the town of Palencia (Spain). The roots were shade-dried and pulverized to fine powder in a mechanical grinder. Samples from different specimens (n = 25) were thoroughly mixed to obtain composite samples.
Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; high MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Stevioside (CAS 57817-89-7, 99%) was purchased from Wako Chemicals GmbH (Neuss, Germany). Quantities of 4-tert-butyl-2-phenylphenol (CAS 98-27-1, 97%), 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone (CAS 72-48-0, 97%), sodium alginate (CAS 9005-38-3), calcium carbonate (CAS 471-34-1, ≥99.0%) and methanol (CAS 67-56-1, UHPLC, suitable for mass spectrometry) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). Agar (CAS 9002-18-0) and PDA (potato dextrose agar) were supplied by Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
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8

Silybins Precursors Extraction from Milk Thistle

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The specimens of S. marianum under study were collected in the banks of Carrión river as it passes through the town of Palencia (Spain) during stage 67 (or 6N7) according to the extended BBCH scale [34 (link)]. This stage was chosen because silybins precursors (Figure S1) should not have yet been consumed. The capitula of S. marianum were shade-dried and pulverized to fine powder in a mechanical grinder. Different specimens (n = 25) were thoroughly mixed to obtain a composite sample.
Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; high MW: 310,000–375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. and Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Stevioside (CAS 57817-89-7, 99%) was purchased from Wako Chemicals GmbH (Neuss, Germany). Coniferyl alcohol (CAS 458-35-5, 98%), ferulic acid (CAS 537-98-4, European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard), sodium alginate (CAS 9005-38-3), calcium carbonate (CAS 471-34-1, ≥99.0%), and methanol (CAS 67-56-1, UHPLC, suitable for mass spectrometry) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). PDA (potato dextrose agar) was supplied by Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
The three fungal pathogens (Table 1) were supplied as lyophilized vials (later reconstituted and refreshed as PDA subcultures) by the Agricultural Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACYL, Valladolid, Spain) [35 ].
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9

Chitosan Oligomers Production and Characterization

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High-molecular-weight chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). NeutraseTM 0.8 L enzyme was acquired from Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark). Chitosan oligomers with MW < 2000 Da were obtained following the procedure described by Santos-Moriano et al. [57 (link)], with the modifications reported in [58 (link)]. β-sitosterol (CAS 83-46-5, analytical standard), 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone (CAS 118-71-8), 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (CAS 67-47-0), methanol (CAS 67-56-1), tryptic soy agar (TSA, CAS 91079-40-2), and tryptic soy broth (TSB, CAS 8013-01-2) were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
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10

Chitosan-Amino Acid Conjugate Complexes

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Chitosan (CAS 9012-76-4; high MW: 310,000-375,000 Da) was supplied by Hangzhou Simit Chem. & Tech. Co. (Hangzhou, China). The four amino acids (cysteine, CAS 52-90-4; glycine, CAS 56-40-6; proline, CAS 147-75-3; and tyrosine, CAS 60-8-4) were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Citric acid (CAS 77-92-9), sodium alginate (CAS 9005-38-3) and calcium carbonate (CAS 471-34-1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Química (Madrid, Spain). Neutrase TM 0.8 L enzyme was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bergen County, NJ, USA).
Chitosan oligomers (COS) were prepared according to the procedure previously reported in [33] (link). Cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), proline (Pro) and tyrosine (Tyr) solutions were obtained by dissolution of the amino acids (with 99% purity) in sterile double distilled water at an initial concentration of 3000 µg•mL -1 . The COS-amino acid conjugate complexes were obtained by mixing of the respective solutions in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. The mixture was then sonicated for 15 min in five 3-min periods (so that the temperature did not exceed 60 • C) using a probe-type ultrasonicator (model UIP1000hdT; Hielscher Ultrasonics, Teltow, Germany).
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