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11 protocols using a006 1 1

1

Intracellular Glutathione Quantification

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Oxidative stress was confirmed by measuring intracellular GSH levels immediately after exposure to CRA (LD50 = 0.71 μM), as well as in the non-exposed control, using a GSH detection kit (A006-1-1, Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, HAECs (1 × 106) were mixed with 1 mM GSH and reagent 1 after CRA exposure, and incubated for 5 min at 37 °C. Thereafter, a mixture of reagents 2–5 was added to the samples and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 15 min, before results were detected using an absorbance microplate reader at a wavelength of 420 nm (SpectraMax® iD3, Molecular Devices, LLC., San Jose, CA, USA).
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2

Placental Oxidative Stress Markers

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Kits were used to measure the levels of GSH (Cat. A006-1-1; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), MDA (Cat. S0131S; Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), and iron (Cat. E1042-100; Applygen Technology, Beijing, China) in placental tissues and cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, after the lysis of tissue samples or cells, the supernatant was collected after centrifugation at 10,000–12,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The content was measured on a colorimetric microplate reader (Thermo Scientific, Multiskan, FC, USA). Protein concentrations were measured using the kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Cat. P0010; Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Then, the GSH, MDA and iron values were homogenized by protein concentration.
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Glutathione Quantification Assay

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The GSH levels in the plasma, tissue homogenate, and cell extracts were performed according to the manufacturer's protocols (A006‐1‐1; Nanjing Jiancheng, China). Glutathione levels were detected by using the DTNB‐GSSG reductase recycling methods. A405 was determined by enzyme marker.
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Quantitative Evaluation of Myocardial Oxidative Markers

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The expression levels of MDA (A003-1-2, Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China), GSH (A006-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China) and CAT (A007-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China) in myocardial tissue homogenate or cell supernatant were detected according to the relevant kit instructions. The intracellular ROS level was determined using the commercial kits (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) based on the turn out of the 2’7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) into highly fluorescent 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in line with the manufacturer’s instructions. The fluorescence intensity was measured by a fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
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5

Plasma Immunological and Antioxidant Markers

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Plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) contents and lysozyme (LZM) activity were determined using the immunoprotein assay kit (H109-1-1, H186-1-1, H186-2-1, A150-1-1; Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The contents of IgM, C3 and C4 were calculated by the standard curve method and LZM activity was determined using the turbidimetric method. The activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma were determined by using the kits (A105-1-1, A001-1-2, A006-1-1, A007-2-1, A003-1-2; Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). T-AOC and SOD, GSH, CAT and MDA of plasma were determined by the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, hydroxylamine method, spectrophotometric method and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, respectively.
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6

Cytokine and Oxidative Stress Evaluation

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Cytokines was correlated tightly with the occurrence of the infection, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), while myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were correlated with oxidative stress reaction, which was often occurred in UC. So here we measured this cytokinesis to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. IL-6 (SEA079Ra; Cloud-Clone Corp) and TNF-α (SEA133Ra; Cloud-Clone Corp) were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits. Standard curves are shown in Supplementary Figure S1D,E. MPO (A044-1-1; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute), GSH (A006-1-1; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute), MDA (A003-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) and T-SOD (A001-1-2; Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute levels in sera were determined by ELISA assay kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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Hepatopancreas Biochemical Analysis

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Hepatopancreas were homogenized with PBS (1:9) and centrifuged immediately at 4000 × g, 4°C for 10 min. The obtained supernatants were used to measure biochemical parameters with relevant kits. Specifically, total protein was measured with BCA Protein Assay Kit (A045-3, Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in supernatants were analyzed with A015–1, A007-1-1, A001–1, A006-1-1, and A003-1 kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), respectively. In addition, total cholesterol (T-CHO), lysozyme (LZM), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma were detected using A111-1-1, A050-1-1, C010-1-1, and C009-1-1 kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), respectively. The phenoloxidase (PO) determination was as referenced by Lin et al. (2012) (link) with kits (G0146W, Suzhou Grace Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China).
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8

Histomorphological and Biochemical Analyses of Intestinal Tissues

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The duodenum, jejunum, ileum tissues were microscopically examined after fixing in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and processing for paraffin embedding, sectioning at 5 μm, and then staining with hematoxylin and eosin [17 (link)]. The concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of diamine oxidase (DAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured by a colorimetric method with the use of specific assay kits (H255, A003-1-2, A087-1-2, A006-1-1, A088-1-1, A001-1-2 and A015-1-2) from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of China. Protein concentration was measured by the bicinchoninic acid assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu, China).
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9

Cortical Injury Oxidative Stress Analysis

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Injured cortical samples were homogenized with 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged to collect the supernatant according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A glutathione (GSH) detection assay (A006-1-1; NanJing JianCheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) was used. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured according to the instructions of the MDA detection assay (A003-1-2; NanJing JianCheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). The amount of GSH or MDA was normalized to the total protein level and expressed as GSH/total protein or MDA/total protein.
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10

Antioxidant Enzyme Analysis in Mouse Kidneys

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Mice renal samples were homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was then collected for SOD, CAT, and GSH analysis using kits (A001-1-2, A007-2-1, and A006-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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