Distilled water

Daporinad (99.94%) was purchased from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Verapamil, glutathione (GSH), uridine-50-diphosphoglucuronic acid triammonium salt (UDPGA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Yong-in, Gyeonggi, Korea). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid (FA) and methanol (MeOH) were obtained from Daejung reagents (Siheung, Gyeonggi, Korea). HPLC grade acetonitrile (ACN) and distilled water (DW) were from Samchun chemical (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, Korea).
ICR mouse and human liver microsomes, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADPH) regenerating system solution A and B were from Corning (Tewksbury, MA, USA) and TiCl₃ was bought from Kanto chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals and reagents were analytical grade and purchased from commercial sources.

α-Amanitin was purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom). Verapamil, glutathione (GSH), and uridine-5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid triammonium salt (UDPGA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formic acid, and methanol (MeOH) were purchased from Dae-Jung reagents (Siheung, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea). Blank plasma from male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with heparin as anti-coagulant was purchased from Biomedex (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Acetonitrile (ACN) and distilled water (DW) were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea). Mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey, dog, and human liver microsomes (MLM, RLM, CLM, DLM, and HLM), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADPH) regenerating system solution A (26 mM NADP⁺, 66 mM glucose-6-phosphate, and 66 mM MgCl₂ in water), and B (40 U/mL glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in 5 mM sodium citrate) were purchased from Corning (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Other chemicals and reagents were purchased from commercial sources.