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Nicotine tartrate salt

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Nicotine tartrate salt is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a source of nicotine, a naturally occurring alkaloid. The core function of nicotine tartrate salt is to provide a reliable and consistent supply of nicotine for research and analysis purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Physiological 0.9 saline, by Baxter (2 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Nicotine (271 citations) Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (113 citations) Nicotine tartrate (16 citations) Hydrogen tartrate salt of nicotine (2 citations)

9 protocols using nicotine tartrate salt

1

Standardized E-liquid Nicotine Preparation

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E-liquid materials [Vegetable Glycerin (VG), Propylene Glycol (PG), NicSelect Nicotine (free-base; 100 mg/ml in VG), and Strawberry Flavor Concentrate (in PG)] were purchased from Liquid Barn. E-liquids were mixed in the laboratory to the desired concentration of nicotine and strawberry additive while maintaining a 50:50 ratio of VG/PG. The e-liquid was kept in the dark and made fresh every 3 d to prevent nicotine degradation. pH was not adjusted between solutions, but adding the flavor additive to the nicotine solution slightly lowered the pH of the e-liquid (Figs. 1, 2). For intraperitoneal nicotine injections, nicotine tartrate salt (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in PBS to desired concentrations (0.03–0.1 mg/ml freebase nicotine). When the additive was added to PBS for injections, a concentrated nicotine stock solution was used to make both the nicotine only and nicotine plus additive injection solutions. The final injection solution was diluted with either PBS alone or PBS containing 5% strawberry additive (Liquid Barn) to ensure that nicotine concentration in the injection solutions was identical.
Patten T., Johnson N.L., Shaw J.K., Dossat A.M., Dreier A., Kimball B.A., Wesson D.W, & De Biasi M. (2023). Strawberry Additive Increases Nicotine Vapor Sampling and Systemic Exposure But Does Not Enhance Pavlovian-Based Nicotine Reward in Mice. eNeuro, 10(6), ENEURO.0390-22.2023.
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2

Subcutaneous Administration of Nicotine and PCP

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(-)Nicotine tartrate salt (0.2 mg/kg or 0.4 mg/kg; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 0.9% saline to a final pH of 7.0 ± 0.2. Doses are expressed as base. Phencyclidine hydrochloride was obtained from the NIDA Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply Program and was mixed with 0.9% saline. All drugs were administered subcutaneously before placement in the chamber, with PCP administered 10 min and nicotine administered 5 min prior to placement. Two injections were given with at least one injection consisting of saline due to parameters established for Swalve et al. (2016) (link).
Swalve N., Mulholland M.M, & Li M. (2019). Alterations of acoustic features of 50-kHz vocalizations by nicotine and phencyclidine in rats. Behavioural pharmacology, 30(5), 446-451.
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3

Effects of PCP and Nicotine Co-administration

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Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP, received from the NIDA Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply Program) was dissolved in 0.9% saline (w/v). (-)Nicotine tartrate salt (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% saline and adjusted to a pH of 7.0 ± 0.2 with a dilute NaOH solution. Saline, nicotine, and PCP were all administered subcutaneously. Nicotine dose was based on previous research showing that 0.4 mg/kg nicotine produced a robust reinforcement-enhancement effect (Barrett & Bevins, 2012 (link); 2013 ). The dose of PCP was 2.0 mg/kg and was chosen based on pilot data suggesting that this dose would not significantly differ from other doses on locomotor activity or operant behavior measures and has been frequently used to produce psychoactive effects of PCP (Smith et al., 2011; Idris et al., 2005 (link); Schreiber et al., 2000 (link); Corbett et al., 1995 (link); Jarbe et al., 1975; White & Holtzman, 1983 (link)). All drugs were administered at a volume of 1 ml/kg.
Swalve N., Barrett S.T., Bevins R.A, & Li M. (2015). Examining the Reinforcement-Enhancement Effects of Phencyclidine and Its Interactions with Nicotine on Lever-Pressing for a Visual Stimulus. Behavioural brain research, 291, 253-259.
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4

Cocaine and Nicotine Coadministration Protocol

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Cocaine HCl (National Institute of Drug Abuse, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) and (−) nicotine tartrate salt (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in sterile saline with additional heparin (5 USP/mL) added to prevent patency loss. Nicotine was adjusted to a pH of 7.0±0.2 with a dilute NaOH solution. The initial concentration of cocaine was 1.6 mg cocaine HCl/1 ml saline that was diluted to 0.4 mg/ml, with each cocaine infusion at the standard 0.4 mg/kg dose used in previous studies. Nicotine was diluted in saline to 0.36 mg/ml and the dose was 0.03 mg/kg. The infusion lengths of nicotine and cocaine were based on the weight of the rat (1s/100 g for cocaine and 0.33 s/100g for nicotine) with an infusion rate of 0.025 ml/s.
Swalve N., Smethells J.R, & Carroll M.E. (2015). Sex Differences in the Acquisition and Maintenance of Cocaine and Nicotine Self-Administration in Rats. Psychopharmacology, 233(6), 1005-1013.
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5

Nicotine and Saccharin Solution Preparation

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Nicotine tartrate salt was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Saccharin was purchased from (Spectrum Chemicals, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). The nicotine dose is reported in free-base form. Nicotine was dissolved in saline and physiologically pH (7.0–7.4) and saccharin was dissolved in water.
Richardson J.R., O’Dell L.E, & Nazarian A. (2020). Examination of nicotine and saccharin reward in the Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat model. Neuroscience letters, 721, 134825.
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6

Nicotine and Ethanol Pharmacology

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Ethyl alcohol was purchased from Decon Laboratories Inc. (King of Prussia, PA, USA). Nicotine tartrate salt was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All drugs were prepared in physiological (0.9%) saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, IL, USA) and administered as IP (intraperitoneal) injections in a volume of 20 ml/kg. Nicotine and ethanol combined doses were delivered together in a cocktail (wt/vol solution) matching our previously published work (Gubner et al., 2013 (link)). Doses of nicotine are expressed as mg/kg of the tartrate salt (1 mg nicotine tartrate = 0.33 mg freebase nicotine).
Gubner N.R., Cunningham C.L, & Phillips T.J. (2015). Nicotine Enhances the Locomotor Stimulating but Not the Conditioned Rewarding Effect of Ethanol in DBA/2J mice. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 39(1), 64-72.
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7

Nicotine and Ethanol Dosing Protocol

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Ethyl alcohol was purchased from Decon Laboratories Inc. (King of Prussia, PA, USA). Nicotine tartrate salt was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All drugs used in the behavioral studies were prepared in physiological (0.9%) saline (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, IL, USA) and administered as intraperitoneal (IP) injections in a volume of 20 ml/kg. Nicotine and ethanol combined doses were delivered together in a cocktail (wt/vol solution, pH 3.6 – 3.8), consistent with our previously published work (Gubner et al., 2013 (link)). Doses of nicotine are expressed as mg/kg of the tartrate salt (1 mg nicotine tartrate = 0.33 mg freebase nicotine).
Gubner N.R, & Phillips T.J. (2015). Effects of Nicotine on Ethanol-Induced Locomotor Sensitization: A Model of Neuroadaptation. Behavioural brain research, 288, 26-32.
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8

Nicotine and PCP Interaction Effects

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(−)Nicotine tartrate salt (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% saline and adjusted to a pH of 7.0 ± 0.2 with a dilute NaOH solution. The high dose (0.4 mg/kg) was chosen based on previous research showing reinforcement-enhancement at that dose (Palmatier et al., 2007 (link), 2009) and, due to the potential of a ceiling effect, a further lower dose (0.2 mg/kg) was chosen on the basis of pilot data. Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP, a gift from NIDA Chemical Synthesis and Drug Supply Program) was obtained by mixing drug with 0.9% saline. Saline and PCP (2.0 mg/kg) were administered s.c. 10 min prior to placement in the chamber and nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) was administered s.c. 5 min prior to chamber placement. All doses are expressed as base. The dose of PCP was chosen on the bais of unpublished pilot data suggesting that this dose, combined with the nicotine doses, would affect ultrasonic vocalizations). This dose has also been used to model symptoms of schizophrenia in a similar regimen (Abdul-Monim et al. 2003 (link), 2007 (link); Jentsch et al. 1997 (link)).
Swalve N., Mulholland M.M., Schulz T.D, & Li M. (2016). Interaction of the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia and nicotine on total and categorized ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Behavioural pharmacology, 27(4), 321-330.
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9

Nicotine and UFR2709 exposure in zebrafish

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Nicotine tartrate salt was used for the experiments (Sigma-Aldrich). The UFR2709 was synthetised as described previously in the literature [47 (link)]. All drugs were dissolved in systems water. The drugs were administered by submerging the fish in either a beaker or a test tank, depending on the experiment, with the dissolved drug at the corresponding concentration. Drug concentrations (50–100 mg/L) were chosen on the basis of literature data for nicotine or UFR2709 in behavioural [4 (link),24 (link)], functional [47 (link)], or LogP assessments [40 (link)].
Viscarra F., González-Gutierrez J., Esparza E., Figueroa C., Paillali P., Hödar-Salazar M., Cespedes C., Quiroz G., Sotomayor-Zárate R., Reyes-Parada M., Bermúdez I, & Iturriaga-Vásquez P. (2020). Nicotinic Antagonist UFR2709 Inhibits Nicotine Reward and Decreases Anxiety in Zebrafish. Molecules, 25(13), 2998.
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