Male Sprague Dawley rats were obtained from and housed in our institution’s laboratory animal center. They were housed individually in a room with a 12/12-h light/dark cycle and with central air conditioning (25 °C, 70% humidity). The animal care and experimental protocols were in accordance with institutional guidelines, which were approved by the National Cheng Kung University Animal Center (Approval number: 105035). For inducing acute muscular damage in rats, carrageenan, purchased from Sigma (Cat.#C1013, St Louis, MO, USA), was injected in the amount of 100 μL of 3% carrageenan into rats’ left gastrocnemius muscle under isoflurane (3%) anesthesia, as published previously [23 (link)].
Carrageenan
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, India, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Ireland, Sao Tome and Principe, Poland
Carrageenan is a stabilizing and thickening agent extracted from red seaweed. It is commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to improve the texture, stability, and viscosity of various products.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
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Formalin, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Histamine, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Diclofenac sodium, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Complete freund adjuvant (cfa), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Formaldehyde, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Griess reagent, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Naloxone, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Complete freund s adjuvant, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
303 protocols using carrageenan
1
Carrageenan-Induced Acute Muscle Damage
2
Carrageenan-Induced Pain Memory Model
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In our previous study, the pain memory model was induced by two injections of carrageenan [2 (link), 3 (link)]. The first carrageenan injection was placed into the left hind paw plantar surface via the subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL of 2% carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) to induce acute inflammatory pain. After a 14-day recovery period, when the right hind paw was also injected with the same carrageenan, the pain threshold of the recovered left hind paw dropped again. This shows that the pain memory model was successfully prepared. The basic experimental procedure is shown in Figure 1 .
3
Carrageenan-Induced Pain Memory Retrieval Protocol
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As described previously [21 (link)], the pain memory model induced by two injections of carrageenan was selected to complete the study. The first carrageenan injection was placed into the left hind paw plantar surface via the subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL of 2% carrageenan (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, MO, USA) to induce acute inflammatory pain. After a 14-day recovery period, the pain value of the left hind paw was recovered. Then the second carrageenan injection was placed into the right hind paw to induce another pain. At this time, the left hind paw, which did not receive the second injection of carrageenan, appeared to exhibit nociceptive hyperalgesia. In the present study, the hyperalgesia of the left hind paw was regarded as the retrieval of pain memory [21 (link), 22 (link)].
4
Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Model
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Rats in the test
group showed edema in their right hind paws after being injected with
0.2 mL of 1% (w/v) carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), with
a volume of 0.2 mL, on the plantar side of the right hind paw.75 (link) Before the carrageenan injection, the paw diameter
was measured. After the carrageenan injection, the paw diameter was
measured each hour up to five times, then after 24 and 48 h. The rats
were split into three groups, where each group included six members.
For the first group (control group), normal saline was administered
(3 mL/kg body weight), whereas for the second group, the usual anti-inflammatory
medication was used; diclofenac (Troge, Germany) (100 mg/kg body weight
p.o.) was given. The NPs (400 mg/kg body weight po) were given to
the third group. One hour before administering carrageenan, the animals
were pretreated. Using this method, we estimated the percentage inhibition
of edema
group showed edema in their right hind paws after being injected with
0.2 mL of 1% (w/v) carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), with
a volume of 0.2 mL, on the plantar side of the right hind paw.75 (link) Before the carrageenan injection, the paw diameter
was measured. After the carrageenan injection, the paw diameter was
measured each hour up to five times, then after 24 and 48 h. The rats
were split into three groups, where each group included six members.
For the first group (control group), normal saline was administered
(3 mL/kg body weight), whereas for the second group, the usual anti-inflammatory
medication was used; diclofenac (Troge, Germany) (100 mg/kg body weight
p.o.) was given. The NPs (400 mg/kg body weight po) were given to
the third group. One hour before administering carrageenan, the animals
were pretreated. Using this method, we estimated the percentage inhibition
of edema
5
Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation Model
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We obtained carrageenan (catalog: C1013, Predominantly κ and lesser amounts of λ carrageenan), minocycline (catalog: M9511), U0126 (catalog: U120), L-2-Aminoadipate acid (L-AA; catalog: A7275), and carbenoxolone (CBX; catalog: C4790) from Sigma-Aldrich, SB 225002 (catalog: 182498-32-4) from Tocris, and CXCL1 neutralizing antibody (catalog: A00533) from Boster.
6
Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Pain Model
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Peripheral inflammation of the hind paw was induced 24 h before the i.t. treatment or spinal cord slice preparation. Under brief isoflurane (3%, Forane®, Abbott, Barcelona, Spain), an anesthesia intraplantar injection of 20 μL of carrageenan (3%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in a physiological solution was made in both hind paws of 20–22-day-old (40–50 g) rats before spinal cord slices preparation for electrophysiological experiments and 150 μL of carrageenan (3%) into the hind paw of 8–10-week-old (250–350 g) rats used for behavioral testing. The animals were left to recover in their home cages. The inflammation with associated thermal hyperalgesia was fully developed 24 h after carrageenan injection.
7
Analgesic Compounds: Purification and Preparation
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The following drugs and chemicals were used: δ-CNTX-Pn1a was purified by a combination of preparative reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), ion exchange HPLC and analytical reverse phase HPLC as previously described [52 (link)]. µ-Conotoxin MVIIA was purchased from Latoxan (Valence, France). Carrageenan (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), Prostaglandin E2 (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA), AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide; Tocris, Pittsburg, PA, USA), AM630 (6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl(4-ethoxyphenyl) methanone Tocris, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Naloxone (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), Clocinnamox (Tocris, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Naltrindole (Tocris, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Nor-BNI (Nor-Binaltorphimine dihydrochloride; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved as follows: PGE2 (2% ethanol in saline); AM251 and AM630 (12% DMSO in saline); Carrageenan, δ-CNTX-Pn1a, µ-Conotoxin MVIIA (MVIIA), Naloxone, Clocinnamox, Naltrindole and Nor-BNI (saline).
8
Carrageenan and Chitosan Coatings for Chicken
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A 0.2% (w/v) carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) coating was prepared by adding 8 g of carrageenan to 4 L of distilled water, and the suspension was mixed on a stir plate for 24 h at room temperature. The 0.2% (w/v) chitosan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) coating was prepared similarly in 4 L of 1% lactic acid (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ). The coatings were placed in two separate glass containers for immersing the chicken breast samples. An AITC (≥95% purity; Koptec, King of Prussia, PA) working stock solution (1:5 dilution) was prepared by adding 2 mL of AITC to 8 mL of 90-proof ethanol (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ). An additional dilution of this stock was prepared by adding 1 mL of the 1:5 dilution to 9 mL of 90-proof ethanol to give a 1:50 working stock solution. The working stocks were then used to prepare the AITC treatment solutions on the day of the experiment by separately adding 1 mL of each working stock to 999 mL of sterile distilled water to obtain 2 solutions at final AITC concentrations of 20 and 200 ppm.
9
Carrageenan-Induced Muscle Inflammation
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Thirty rats were divided into five groups. In the normal (N) group, rats received 100 μL of saline by gastrocnemius muscle injection into the left limbs and 500 μL of saline by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection; in the control (C) group, rats received 100 μL of 3% carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) by gastrocnemius muscle injection into the left limbs and 500 μL of saline by i.p. injection; and in the CT30, 100, and 300 groups, rats received 100 μL of 3% carrageenan by gastrocnemius muscle injection into the left limbs and 500 μL of triptolide (Cat.#T3652, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) by i.p. injection. Six hours after the above treatments, a pan behavior test was performed in each rat. After this, rats were euthanized, and their serum and muscle tissue samples were collected for further analyses.
10
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Lawsone Extracts
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Lawsone, carrageenan, chloroform, methanol, benzene, ethyl acetate, ammonium hydroxide, and anhydrous sodium carbonate were obtained from Aldrich (Sigma -Aldrich, Germany).
Animals A total of 120 healthy adult mice (weighing about 25±5 g) were obtained from the laboratory animal house, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar. The study was carried out in the College of Medicine, Thi-Qar university from January to August 2021. Animals were housed in polyacrylic cages and kept under standard laboratory conditions (natural light/dark cycle, RT 22±3°C). Animals were fed a dry rat pellet diet, and tap water was provided ad libitum. Thi-Qar university animal ethics committee approved the experimental protocol. Sixty mice were used to determine LD 50 and 30 mice for the anti-inflammatory test and 30 for an analgesic test. The animal ethics committee supervised by the Institute for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Research Council reviewed and approved the current study, and Thi-Qar university's animal ethics committee approved the experimental protocol (456/1Q) 24.11.2020. The European Council Directive recommendations (2010/63/EU) on September 22, 2010, amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/1010, on standards to protect animals used experimentally were also followed.
Animals A total of 120 healthy adult mice (weighing about 25±5 g) were obtained from the laboratory animal house, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar. The study was carried out in the College of Medicine, Thi-Qar university from January to August 2021. Animals were housed in polyacrylic cages and kept under standard laboratory conditions (natural light/dark cycle, RT 22±3°C). Animals were fed a dry rat pellet diet, and tap water was provided ad libitum. Thi-Qar university animal ethics committee approved the experimental protocol. Sixty mice were used to determine LD 50 and 30 mice for the anti-inflammatory test and 30 for an analgesic test. The animal ethics committee supervised by the Institute for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Research Council reviewed and approved the current study, and Thi-Qar university's animal ethics committee approved the experimental protocol (456/1Q) 24.11.2020. The European Council Directive recommendations (2010/63/EU) on September 22, 2010, amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/1010, on standards to protect animals used experimentally were also followed.
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