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11 protocols using sepharose cl 6b

1

Extraction and Characterization of Medicinal Plant Pectins

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DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G25, and aminobenzamide (2AB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Endo-polygalacturonase (Endo-PG, EC 3.2.1.15 from Aspergillus niger) was purchased from Megazyme. All chemicals used were analytical grade and produced in China.
Homogalacturonan pectins were extracted from the following plants: Panax japonicus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Schisandra chinensis, Prunella vulgaris, Panax Notoginseng, Polygonum orientale, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Kadsura longipedunculata, Isatis indigotica, Aconitum carmichaelii, Coptis chinensis, and Sophora flavescens.
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2

Characterization of Tobacco Leaf Polysaccharides

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The flue-cured tobacco leaves (Yunyan 87) were kindly donated from the RandD center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The tobacco leaves were dried at 45°C and ground into powder prior to the experiments. The standard monosaccharides including rhamnose, fucose, arabinase, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Sepharose CL-6B were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents/chemicals used were of analytical grade.
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3

Reagents for Cell Viability Assay

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Reduced GSH, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), ampicillin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the chromatographic material Sepharose CL-6B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA) and were used without further treatment. Ethanol, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). DU-145 culture media were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) reagent (MTT) was purchased from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany).
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of CFL Lipid Probes

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N-[N-(3-Triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinamoly]dihexadecylamine (i.e., CFL) was synthesized according to a previously reported method [18 ]. An N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamide (NBD-DPPE), an Alexa Flour® 488 goat anti-mouse IgG, Measure-IT™ thiol assay kit, and ProLong® gold antifade reagent with DAPI and LIVE/DEAD® viability/cytotoxicity kit for mammalian cells were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG (2000) Maleimide) was from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Anti-EGFR (Ab-3) mouse mAb (225) was from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA). Cholesterol and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). Traut’s reagent (2-Iminothiolane•HCl) was from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA). A Bio-Rad protein assay kit was from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). Zeba spin desalting columns and Sepharose® CL-6B were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The A43 and HL-60 cell lines were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA). The DU-145 cell line was a generous gift from Dr. Daruka Mahadevan (Arizona Cancer Center, Univ. of Arizona).
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5

Isolation and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzyme

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Roots (100 mg/mL)
were kept overnight in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 4 °C.
Roots were cut, macerated, and centrifuged. The supernatant served
as the extract.
Isolation of the fibrinolytic enzyme was achieved
with substrate affinity chromatography (fibrinogen-coupled Sepharose
CL-6B, Sigma-Aldrich) followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate poly-acrylamide
gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Further purification involved size-exclusion
HPLC (SE-HPLC, Waters) with a Waters Protein-Pak 300 column pre-equilibrated
with 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl operated
at 0.8 mL/min. HPLC was performed on a Waters 600 HPLC system with
a Waters 2487 dual λ absorbance detector. A calibration curve
was constructed using marker proteins, and a linear dependence of
log Mw (molecular weight) versus
retention time was observed (R2 = 0.9755,
where R2 is the regression coefficient).
The approximate molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated from
the corresponding retention time that revealed the highest (major)
peak corresponding to 13.6 kDa (Figure S1, indicated by the area within dashed lines). Purification was further
confirmed with fibrinogen zymography.
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6

Protein Quantification and Purification

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Sucrose, Tris-HCl, EDTA, NaOH, HCl, NaCl, isopropanol, glycine, cyanuric acid, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS), 2-methylbutylamine, 4-aminobenzoic acid, sodium citrate, bicinchoninic acid (BCA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), p-nitrophenylbutyrate (p-NPB), acetonitrile, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, acrylamide and bia-acrylamide, ethanol, acetic acid, sodium thiosulfate, silver nitrate, formaldehyde, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). BCATM (bicinchoninic acid) and Micro BCATM Protein Assays Reagents were from ThermoScientific (Rockford, IL, USA). Sepharose CL-6B was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose) columns used were from GE Healthcare (Amersham, UK).
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7

Enzymatic Synthesis and Purification of Fructan

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Fructan, a component of NTM048 EPS, was synthesized by recombinant enzyme LvnS expressed in E. coli as described in our earlier study.27 (link) The reaction was conducted in 50 mM sucrose, 1 mM CaCl2, and 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.0) using the recombinant LvnS at 28°C for 24 h. The fructan produced was purified using Sepharose CL6B (Sigma–Aldrich Corp.), and freeze-dried. The absence of proteins in the fructan sample was confirmed by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm.
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8

Biochemical Analysis of Protein Complexes

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Anti-Erg6, Ubx2, and Ldb16 were homemade antibodies that have been described previously (Wang and Lee, 2012 (link); Wang et al., 2014 (link)). The anti-S tag antibody (ab24838, mouse monoclonal) was from Abcam, anti-Act1 (actin) antibody (MAB1501, mouse monoclonal) was from Millipore, peroxidase anti-peroxidase (323-005-024, rabbit polyclonal) was from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, and anti-Flag antibody (F3165, mouse monoclonal) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Myriocin was from Sigma-Aldrich, and AbA was from Takara. IgG Sepharose 6 Fast Flow was from GE, Sepharose CL-6B was from Sigma-Aldrich, AcTEV protease was from Invitrogen, the Pierce silver staining kit was from Thermo Fisher Scientific, NADPH was from Sigma-Aldrich, palmitoyl-CoA was from Avanti Polar Lipids, and [2-14C] malonyl-CoA and [3H]-serine were from PerkinElmer. Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail was from Roche. Phos-tag was from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Bodipy 493/503 was from Invitrogen. All other common chemical reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich. Restriction and modifying enzymes for cloning and PCR were from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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9

Ultrashort Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis and Characterization

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All of the lipids (DOPC, 1-oleoyl-2-6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [NBD-PC], and cholesterol) were obtained from Avanti. All of the other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received, unless specified. Live/dead assay and MTT cellular assay kits were obtained from Abcam. The size-exclusion columns for LUV separation used Sepharose CL-6B (Sigma-Aldrich). The ultrashort CNTPs were synthesized by sonication-assisted cutting of 0.8-nm single-walled carbon nanotubes according to the previously published procedure (33 (link)). Previous studies have confirmed that this procedure produces CNTPs with an extremely tight diameter distribution of 0.81 ± 0.14 nm as measured by transmission electron microscopy (23 (link)). Some CNTP batches were chemically coupled to the 6-aminofluorescein (6-AF) dye using a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) coupling procedure based on a published protocol (34 (link)). All fluorescence and absorbance spectra were measured with the Spectramax iD3 Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices) and Cytation 5 (Biotek). Vesicle size was measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) setup (Malvern Analytical).
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10

Extraction and Purification of NTM048 EPS

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As described in our earlier study,16 (link) NTM048 EPS was extracted and purified. Briefly, 500 µl of an overnight bacterial culture of strain NTM048 was used to inoculate 50 ml of EPS production medium containing 15% sucrose, 0.5% bacto-peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 1.5% K2HPO4, 0.001% MnCl2·H2O, 0.001% NaCl, and 0.005% CaCl2, and the culture fluid was incubated for 24 h at 30°C. After the microorganisms were removed by centrifugation, the culture supernatant was precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of chilled ethanol, shaken vigorously, and centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 10 min. The supernatant was decanted, and this step was repeated twice. The precipitated EPS was then moderately sonicated to dissolve it in distilled water, followed to purification using Sepharose CL6B (Sigma–Aldrich Corp.) and freeze-drying. The absence of proteins in the EPS sample was confirmed by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm.
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