Excel 365

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Excel 365 is a cloud-based spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft. It provides users with tools to create, edit, and manage numerical data, formulas, and visualizations. The core function of Excel 365 is to enable efficient data management and analysis.

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27 protocols using excel 365

Evaluating Dental Demineralization and Remineralization

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The data were gathered in Microsoft Excel 365, then exported to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science, version 22, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Wilcoxon Signed rank test was applied to evaluate intragroup comparisons (baseline vs. post-demineralization and baseline vs. post remineralization). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to assess the intergroup differences. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Farooq I., Ali S., Farooqi F.A., AlHumaid J., Binhasan M., Shabib S., Vohra F, & Abduljabbar T. (2021). Enamel Remineralization Competence of a Novel Fluoride-Incorporated Bioactive Glass Toothpaste—A Surface Micro-Hardness, Profilometric, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Analysis. Tomography, 7(4), 752-766.

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Experimental Data Analysis Protocols

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We repeated each experiment 3 times and took the average value. The data processing and analyses were conducted using Excel 365, SPSS 25.0, and Origin 2019b.

Tang S., Chen Z., Chen F., Lai X., Wei Q., Chen X, & Jiang C. (2023). Extraction and Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Sugarcane Bagasse. Molecules, 28(14), 5444.

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Factors Associated with Anemia in Adolescent Girls

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Where appropriate, questionnaire data were precoded to facilitate collection and to ensure accuracy. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel 365 and then exported to SPSS V.20 for Windows, a statistical software package for social science. The dependent variable in this study is anemia as per the definition described above. Independent variables included age, socioeconomic status, type of family, religion, type of diet, no of siblings, education level of parents, and menstrual cycle in days.
Continuous data were described using descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation (SD), whereas categorical variables were described using numbers and percentages. An independent sample t-test or Chi-square test was used for each outcome variable to distinguish between girls with and without anemia. Both statistical tests were two-tailed, with 5% degree of statistical significance. The association of independent variables with anemia (the outcome) and the strength of the association was then investigated in multivariable analysis. In the bivariate analysis, only independent variables with a statistically significant effect on anemia and/or mean hemoglobin level were kept for the multivariable analysis. P values and Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were presented. Significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.

Verma K, & Baniya G.C. (2022). Prevalence, knowledge, and related factor of anemia among school-going adolescent girls in a remote area of western Rajasthan. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(4), 1474-1481.

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Statistical Analysis of Hospital Data

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Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics included absolute and relative frequencies, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. An χ² test, an ANOVA and a two-samples t-test were used to analyze the relationship and differences between the variables under study. The results were presented as frequencies, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05 [21 ].
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Markusovszky Hospital in Szombathely (13/2021).

Hulman A., Pakai A., Csákvári T., Keczeli V, & Varga K. (2024). The Impact of Mode of Delivery and Postpartum Conditions on Breastfeeding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 12(2), 248.

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SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence in Vaccinated vs Unvaccinated

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Serological test results and participant data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS version 22 [13 ]. Participants with missing data or unsuitable samples were excluded from the study. We calculated the overall prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the nucleocapsid protein (N) of SARS-CoV-2 for our sample, as well as for the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups according to sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, monthly income, and the number of residents per household. The prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals of 95% (CI 95%) were also calculated for the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The attributable fraction was calculated for those participants that were not vaccinated but could have already received at least one shot of the COVID-19 vaccine at the time our survey was carried out.
This study is reported as per the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (Checklist S1).

Nogueira de Brito R., Passarella Teixeira A.I., Carvalho Gontijo C., Da Silva Faria R., Massa Ramalho W., Sierra Romero G.A., Castro M., Pessoa V., Araújo Torres L., Pereira Leite L., Ferreira Noronha E., Haddad R, & Navegantes de Araújo W. (2023). Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Vaccination Coverage among Residents of a Lower-Middle-Class Population in the Federal District, Brazil. Vaccines, 11(5), 916.

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Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data

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The data generated from this study was analysed by using Microsoft excel 365 and SPSS software version 20. The results were expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation). The data was checked for normality by applying Shapiro-Wilk test. The difference between the groups was evaluated by Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test depending upon the normality. A two-tailed p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant and less than 0.001 was considered highly significant.

Tilak J.R., Jain A., Wadhwa N., Tilak H.R, & Ahirwar A.K. (2022). The study of the role of insulin resistance as etiological factor in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case control study. Advances in Laboratory Medicine, 3(2), 201-204.

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Evaluating Visual Function under Varying Illumination

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Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS (version 27.0.0) were used for descriptive and inferential date statistics respectively. The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, revealing that the data was not normally distributed. Friedman’s test was employed to compare the near PFV across all three illuminations. Similarly, Friedman’s test was used to compare PFV, contrast sensitivity, and pupil diameter across the three illumination environments. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to check the comparison of near PFV between two different levels of illumination (50 and 100, 100 and 150, 50 and 150 lux).

Azam R., Karmakar S., Mondal A, & Bhardwaj G.K. (2023). The Effect of Illumination on Positive Fusional Vergence. The British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, 19(1), 78-84.

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Progression and Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease

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Data were entered and analyzed using Excel 365 and SPSS 20.0 software. We calculated the mean annual decline in glomerular filtration rate by dividing the difference in the sum of glomerular filtration rates at the start of follow-up and at the last visit by the total follow-up time in years. We compared survival curves (using the Kaplan–Meier method) based on the log rank test and performed logistic regression using the Cox proportional hazards model. The parameters studied were age, gender, family history of CKD, time to etiological diagnosis, recurrence, aetiologies of HUL, occurrence of urinary tract infections or acute renal failure, stage of CKD at diagnosis, bilaterality of stone, presence of coralliform stone or nephrocalcinosis, and urological treatment.
We calculated incidence rates of CKD by relating the number of patients who started renal replacement therapy to the duration of follow-up. Confidence intervals were calculated at 95% using standard formulae. In all cases, the test was considered significant when the p level of significance was below 0.05.

Meriam H., Bettaieb A., Kaaroud H., Ben Hamida F., Gargeh T., Mrad R., Bouzid K, & Abderrahim E. (2023). Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: Clinical, Paraclinical, and Evolutionary Aspects in Adults from One Nephrology Center. International Journal of Nephrology, 2023, 2874414.

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One-way ANOVA and Duncan's Test

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The data were collated using Excel 365, and SPSS 24.0 software was used for one-way ANOVA. Duncan’s test was applied for multiple comparisons and significance of differences analysis. The data were the means of three or more replications, and GraphPad was used for plotting.

Wei Y., Liu X., Ge S., Zhang H., Che X., Liu S., Liu D., Li H., Gu X., He L., Li Z, & Xu J. (2022). Involvement of Phospholipase C in Photosynthesis and Growth of Maize Seedlings. Genes, 13(6), 1011.

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Analyzing Plant Growth Responses

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Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS 22.0 were used for data organization and analysis. Duncan's multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05) was used, and data denoted by the same letters indicate insignificant differences between the means. Origin 2022 software was used for plotting.

Lu B., Chen X., Ouyang X., Li Z., Yang X., Khan Z., Duan S, & Shen H. (2023). The roles of novel chitooligosaccharide-peanut oligopeptide carbon dots in improving the flavor quality of Chinese cabbage. Food Chemistry: X, 20, 100963.

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