The hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index of the chitosan nanoparticles were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. The zeta potential was measured by microelectrophoresis, using a ZetaSizer ZS90 analyzer (Malvern Instruments, UK). The measurements were performed in triplicate, at 25 °C. The nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) technique was used to measure the hydrodynamic diameter and concentration of the nanoparticles, using a laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and processing of the images with NanoSight v. 3.1 software. The analyses were performed in triplicate, with five measurements of 60 s. In order to ensure that different particles were analyzed in the replicates, the volume injected was greater than the capacity of the cell, hence displacing the content analyzed previously. For the DLS and zeta potential analyses, the nanoparticles were diluted 1:100 (v/v) in deionized water, while 1000-fold dilution was used for the NTA analyses.
Zetasizer zs90 analyzer
Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United Kingdom
The ZetaSizer ZS90 is a particle size and zeta potential analyzer from Malvern Panalytical. It measures the size, zeta potential, and mobility of particles and molecules in a liquid suspension using dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering techniques.
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4 protocols using zetasizer zs90 analyzer
1
Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles
2
Zeta Potential Analysis of HEPT7G/βCD Complex
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The Zeta (ζ) potential was determined with a ZetaSizer ZS90 analyzer (Malvern Instruments, UK) equipped with a photodiode detector (4 mW He-Ne-Laser with a wavelength 633 nm) using the micro-electrophoresis method and processing of the images with NanoSight v. 3.1 software. In aqueous solution, the zeta potential depends on the pH value; therefore, the zeta potential was estimated from the average of five measurements of 60 s at pH 7.0, at ambient temperature (nearly 25 °C), on the diluted solution of pure HEPT7G (standard) and HEPT7G/βCD inclusion complex particles to confirm the complex formation.
3
Characterizing Nano-Encapsulate Hydrodynamics
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To characterize the hydrodynamic diameters of nano-encapsulates as prepared and after freeze-drying followed by redispersing in DI water at same concentration levels, and to understand the stability of the colloidal suspension, ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was performed at 25 °C. The prepared samples were diluted 100 times using DI water before performing the DLS (using a Zetasizer ZS90 analyzer; Malvern Instruments, Ltd., Westborough, MA, USA) to ensure the passage of light through the sample and to avoid multiple light scattering.
4
Nanoparticle Characterization Using DLS and NTA
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Photon correlation spectroscopy was employed to measure the average diameter (hydrodynamic diameter) and polydispersion of the nanoparticles, using a Zetasizer ZS 90 analyzer (Malvern Instruments, UK). Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) was performed with a NanoSight LM10 instrument. For DLS measurements, the suspensions of nanoparticles (with and without the fungicides) were diluted in deionized water (1:1000, v/v) and measured at 25 °C, with a fixed angle of 90°. The results were expressed as the averages of three determinations.
The NTA analyses employed a laser with a wavelength of 532 nm (green), a CMOS camera, and NanoSight software (version 2.3). The nanoparticle suspensions were diluted 5,000 times (for the NCs) and 11,000 times (for the SLNs). The analyses were performed in triplicate, with five measurements of approximately 2000 particles per analysis. In order to ensure that replicates of different particles were analyzed, the volume injected into the cell was greater than the cell capacity, hence displacing the previous contents52 (link).
The NTA analyses employed a laser with a wavelength of 532 nm (green), a CMOS camera, and NanoSight software (version 2.3). The nanoparticle suspensions were diluted 5,000 times (for the NCs) and 11,000 times (for the SLNs). The analyses were performed in triplicate, with five measurements of approximately 2000 particles per analysis. In order to ensure that replicates of different particles were analyzed, the volume injected into the cell was greater than the cell capacity, hence displacing the previous contents52 (link).
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