Rhod 2

Chloroquine (CQ), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and acridine orange hemi (Zinc chloride) salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Caspase-8,-9, or -3 colorimetric assay kit and Z-VAD-FMK (a pan-caspase inhibitor) were obtained from R&D systems (MA, USA). Cycletest Plus DNA kit and FITC-Annexin V were purchased from BD bioscience Pharmingen (San Jose, CA, USA). Wortmannin and U0126 were purchased TOCRIS (Bristol, UK). 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, BAPTA-AM, Ru360 and JC-1 were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Dihydroethidium, lipofectamine 2000, anti-Alexa Fluor 488, Fluo4-AM and BAPTA were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Rhod2 and Ruthenium Red were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The antibodies used in this study are as follows; anti-caspase-3, anti-caspase-9, anti-caspase-8, anti-PARP, anti-ATG5, anti-total ERK, anti-p-ERK (Cell signaling Technology, MA, USA), LC3B/MAP1LC3B (NOVUS Biologicals, USA), anti-p62 lck ligand (BD bioscience Pharmingen, CA, USA), HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG and HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, CA, USA).