Twenty-eight compounds were tested for an herbicidal effect on A. thaliana. Eight commercially available herbicides were compared to twenty antimalarial compounds (Table 1 ). Amodiaquine, chloroquine, ciprofloxacin, glufosinate ammonium, glyphosate and oryzalin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Artesunate was obtained from Pharbaco Central Pharmaceutical J.S.C., mefloquine from Roche, and asulam from Sapphire Bioscience. The rest (atovaquone, atrazine, azithromycin, clethodim, clindamycin, cycloguanil, dapsone, dicamba, dihydroartemisinin, doxycycline, halofantrine, lumefantrine, methacycline, piperaquine, primaquine, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, trifluralin) were sourced from AK Scientific. Stock solutions were prepared in DMSO, except chloroquine and glyphosate, which were prepared in water. Initial screening was at 20 μg/mL and the compounds that showed herbicidal activity were tested at a range of concentrations with DMSO as the negative control and four herbicides as positive controls.
Mefloquine
Manufactured by Roche
Sourced in United States
Mefloquine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Roche. It is a synthetic antimalarial drug used for the prevention and treatment of malaria.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Doxycycline, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Glufosinate ammonium, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oryzalin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pyrimethamine, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Chloroquine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Amodiaquine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Azithromycin, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Lumefantrine, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Piperaquine, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Atovaquone, by AK Scientific (1 mentions)
Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glyphosate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pancreatin 4 usp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using mefloquine
1
Screening Herbicidal Potential of Antimalarials
2
Anti-Malarial Drug Screening Protocol
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All compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo, USA) except for mefloquine (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and piperaquine (Sigma-tau, Rome, Italy). Stock solution of chloroquine, amodiaquine, piperaquine and tetracycline were dissolved in water; quinine in DMSO; mefloquine, halofantrine, artemisinin, artesunate in methanol; and rolytetracycline and doxycycline in ethanol 70 % and pyrimethamine in absolute ethanol. Based on the investigation of growth conditions, these compounds were tested with: (1) the baseline medium, (2) blood extract substituted with haemin at 5 mM in DMSO, (3) pancreatin 4× USP (Sigma-Aldrich) at 10 % and (4) 2.5 %. A range of doubling concentrations from 15.6 to 1000 µM was tested under these four conditions. After preparing the seeded mediums with the compounds serial dilutions, were incubated for 5–7 days at 37 °C in 5 % CO2. The plates were observed daily. The results from the 48 h incubation time points were used to establish inhibition.
3
Intravenous Malaria Challenge of Vaccinated Aotus Monkeys
4
Evaluating Malaria Vaccine Efficacy in Aotus Model
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Four weeks after the final vaccination (study day 70), animals were challenged intravenously with 104 FVO-strain P. falciparum-infected RBC collected freshly from a donor monkey. Parasitemia was measured by daily thin-film blood smears and hematocrit measurements were conducted on alternate days. Animals were treated with mefloquine (Roche Laboratories) when (i) parasite density reached ≥200,000 μL−1, (ii) when Hct fell to ≤25%, (iii) if SP upon reaching 40 days after challenge (study day 110). Animals that self-cured were monitored for 3 days for continued absence of parasite and were treated with mefloquine. Based on this criteria all 6 animals in Group 1 were mefloquine-treated for high parasitema. In Group 2, animal T3169 was treated for high parasitemia while T3042 and T3121 were treated due to anemia. T3095, T3118, T3171 and T3173 were treated 3 days after self-curing parasitemia. In Group 3, T3123 was treated due to anemia while T3160 died during self-curing parasitemia possibly due to anemia. Such occasional deaths have been recorded in this Aotus model of human malaria.22 (link), 35 (link), 36 (link) T3174 developed anemia 2 days after self-curing and was also treated with mefloquine.
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