4 vinylbenzyl chloride vbc

Copper(i) chloride (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), iodobenzene (Sigma Aldrich, 98%), 1,3-diaminopropane (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), phenylhydrazine (Sigma Aldrich, 97%), ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), glacial acetic acid (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), acetonitrile (Sigma Aldrich, 99.8%), toluene (Sigma Aldrich, 99%) and, unless otherwise specified, all other reagents were used as received without further purification. Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, Sigma Aldrich, 98%) was recrystallized from cold acetone. Divinylbenzene 80% (DVB-80, Sigma Aldrich), 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC, Sigma Aldrich, 90%), and styrene (Alfa Aesar, 99%) were all purified by filtering through an aluminium oxide (neutral, Brockmann type I) column prior to use. Furfural was distilled (90 °C, 90 mbar) before use and stored at −20 °C.

Potassium salt of ethyl xanthate (KXa) was supplied by Alfa Aesar and employed as received. 4-Vinyl benzyl chloride (vbc) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carboxylic acid terminated by three thio carbonate raft agents (R2) was prepared according to the method reported in the cited reference [31 (link)]. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and 2,2′-azo bis iso butyro nitrile (AIBN) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. The reagents and materials used in the experimental studies are listed below with the suppliers and the reasons for their use. A 1000 mg L⁻¹ stock solution of Cd(II) ion was prepared using Cd(NO₃)₂ salt from Sigma-Aldrich. Calibration solutions for the FAAS and working solutions to be used in the extraction were prepared via dilution from the stock solution. Necessary pH adjustments were made using citrate, borate, acetate, and phosphate buffer solutions to ensure effective adsorption of Cd(II) onto the sorbent.
Acetonitrile (Sigma, can, Setagaya City, Tokyo), methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientic Inc., Waltham, MA, USA, MeOH), ethanol (Thermo Fisher, EtOH), heptanol (Sigma), and acetone (Carlo Erba Milan, Milan, Italy) were used as the eluent solvent.