The second subsample of 300 g was air-dried in a cool, ventilated place, and ground using a feed mill (DF-20, Wenling Linda machinery co. LTD, Zhejiang, China) to a particle size of 1 mm for further analyses. Then, samples were analyzed for DM (method 930.15), and ash (method 942.05) using the AOAC method [13 ]. Furthermore, the starch was analyzed using a total starch assay kit (Megazyme, Bray, Ireland; method 996.11) based on the AOAC method [13 ]. The nitrogen was analyzed using the Dumas combustion method (RaPid N III, Langenselbold, Germany). In addition, the CP was calculated using a 6.25 nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor. The ether extract (EE) was obtained using an automatic extractor (ANKOM XT101, ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA). The determination of NDF, ADF, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) was performed according to the method reported by Van Soest et al. [14 (link)] and Robertson et al. [15 (link)] with heat-stable α-amylase, and performed using a fiber analyzer (ANKOM A220, ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA). The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) was determined by anthrone–sulfuric acid colorimetry [16 (link)].
Ankom a220
Manufactured by ANKOM Technology
Sourced in United States
The ANKOM A220 is a laboratory instrument designed for the analysis of fiber content in various materials. It utilizes the ANKOM method to determine the levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in samples.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using ankom a220
1
Comprehensive Feed Composition Analysis
2
Forage Nitrogen and Fiber Analysis
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Nitrogen concentration of the forages was determined by the DUMAS rapid combustion method using a CN elemental analyser (Vario Max Elementar Analysensysteme, Hanau, Germany). Crude protein (CP) was calculated by multiplying the N concentration with 6.25. The concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was analysed according to Van Soest detergent procedure58 (link) and AOAC method 973.18. The methods were adapted to be used with fibre analyser Ankom A220 (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA).
3
In vitro Organic Matter Digestibility
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The in vitro organic matter digestibility was determined by NDC plus amylase method using small nylon bags (37 µm, 25 × 60 mm). Samples (0.50 ± 0.001 g) were transferred to small nylon bags, sealed (FR-300B, Blueberry, Shanghai, China), boiled in neutral detergent solution with heat-stable α-amylase for 75 min (ANKOM A220, ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA), then oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h. For the cellulase buffer solution preparation, we incubated 20 g cellulase [17 (link)] in a 1 L acetic acid buffer (pH 4.8) for 1 h at 40 °C. Two small nylon bags were randomly placed in 100-mL culture tubes and pre-warmed overnight at 39 °C. The next morning, cellulase buffer solution (80 mL) was added into each preheated 100-mL culture tube using an automatic pump and then incubated for 24 h in a 40 ± 2 °C water at 40–60 rpm (DSHZ-300A, Jiangsu, China). Following incubation, the bags were immersed in cold water to stop fermentation, washed as in situ nylon bag technique, and oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h.
4
Comprehensive Feedstock Characterization Protocol
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The samples were oven-dried at 55 °C for 48 h and ground to a 2-mm mesh-screen size using a feed mill (DF-20, Wenling Linda Machinery Co. Ltd., Wenling, Zhejiang, China). Dry matter (DM; method 930.15) and ash (method 942.05) were analyzed by AOAC methods (2000) [14 ]. Nitrogen was determined using a protein analyzer (Rapid N III, Elementar Inc., Germany), and CP was calculated as the percentage of nitrogen × 6.25. Further, crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined using a fiber analyzer (ANKOM A220, ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA). Ether extract (EE) was extracted using an automatic extractor (ANKOM XT101, ANKOM Technology Corp., Macedon, NY, USA). Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated using the formula: w(NFE) = w(DM) − w(CP) – w(EE) – w(CF) – w(Ash). The chemical compositions and digestibility of each sample were calculated in triplicate.
5
Comprehensive Nutrient Analysis of Diets
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All diets were analyzed for crude nutrient and fiber fractions. Dry matter (DM) was determined after oven-drying (103°C). Crude nutrient contents were assayed using the Weende system [50 ]. Crude fiber (CF), ash free neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash free acid detergent fiber (ADF) were analyzed using ANKOM A220® (ANKOM Technology, Salzwedel, Germany) according to Van Soest, Robertson, & Lewis (1991) [51 (link)]. The content of nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) was calculated as follows:
NFE = DM – (CA + CP + CL + CF); (CA = crude ash, CP = crude protein, CL = crude lipid). Starch was quantified polarimetrically (VDLUFA III, 7.2.1 Erg. 2012), and sugar content was determined gravimetrically (VDLUFA III, 7.1.3, 1976; LKS mbH, Lichtenwalde, Germany). Sodium was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) according to DIN EN ISO 11885:2009–09 (LKS mbH). The analyzed values were used to calculate the metabolizable energy (ME) content in DM [52 ]: ME (MJ/kg DM) = 0.021503 × CP (g/kg) + 0.032497 × CL (g/kg)– 0.021071 × CF (g/kg) + 0.016309 × starch (g/kg) + 0.014701 × organic residue (g/kg); organic residue = organic fraction–(CP + CL + starch + CF). The nutrient composition of each diet is shown inTable 2
NFE = DM – (CA + CP + CL + CF); (CA = crude ash, CP = crude protein, CL = crude lipid). Starch was quantified polarimetrically (VDLUFA III, 7.2.1 Erg. 2012), and sugar content was determined gravimetrically (VDLUFA III, 7.1.3, 1976; LKS mbH, Lichtenwalde, Germany). Sodium was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) according to DIN EN ISO 11885:2009–09 (LKS mbH). The analyzed values were used to calculate the metabolizable energy (ME) content in DM [52 ]: ME (MJ/kg DM) = 0.021503 × CP (g/kg) + 0.032497 × CL (g/kg)– 0.021071 × CF (g/kg) + 0.016309 × starch (g/kg) + 0.014701 × organic residue (g/kg); organic residue = organic fraction–(CP + CL + starch + CF). The nutrient composition of each diet is shown in
6
Chemical Composition Analysis of Feedstuffs
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The determinations of dry matter (DM) (method 930.15) and Ash (method 942.05) were based on those of the AOAC (2000) [11 ]. The content of nitrogen was determined by the Dumas combustion method (RaPid N III, Elementar Analysensysteme, Garmany), and the contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) and the acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) were obtained by multiplying the nitrogen by 6.25. The content of ether extract (EE) was analyzed using an automatic extractor (ANKOM XT101, ANKOM Technology Corporation, Macedon, NY, USA). The amounts of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were determined using a fiber analyzer (ANKOM A220, ANKOM Technology Corporation, Macedon, NY, USA) with heat-stable-amylase according to Van Soest et al. [12 (link)] and Robertson and Van Soest [13 ].
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