Ethyl ether

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Ethyl ether is a volatile and flammable solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a low boiling point and is often employed as a extracting agent or reaction medium in organic chemistry experiments.

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Ethyl ether anhydrous (15 citations) 4°C ethyl ether (2 citations)

17 protocols using ethyl ether

Quantifying Cortisol Levels in Samples

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Samples frozen in 800 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were thawed, and homogenized on ice for 90 s with a Vibra-Cell VCX 130 (Sonics and Materials Inc.) ultrasonic processor. The cortisol was extracted from 640 μL of the resulting homogenate three times using 3 mL of ethyl ether (Fisher Scientific), which was then evaporated off by placing the test tubes in a 42 °C water bath for approximately 12–18 h. The samples were then reconstituted with 500 μL of PBS at 4 °C for approximately 30 h, vortexing occasionally. The cortisol in each sample was quantified using a Cortisol EIA Kit (Cayman Chemical). The cortisol levels were normalized to the amount of protein in each of the samples, which was determined by following the microplate procedure of a Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific) using 25 μL aliquots of either bovine serum albumin standards or sample homogenate for the unknowns. The cortisol extraction efficiency was calculated to be approximately ~70 %, which is similar to previously published results (Alsop & Vijayan, 2008 ). The calculated extraction efficiency was used to correct all recorded cortisol values to the actual amount of cortisol per sample.

Krug RG I.I., Poshusta T.L., Skuster K.J., Berg M.R., Gardner S.L, & Clark K.J. (2014). A transgenic zebrafish model for monitoring glucocorticoid receptor activity. Genes, brain, and behavior, 13(5), 478-487.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymers

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Chemicals used for monomer and polymer synthesis included sodium hydroxide, hydrobenzoic acid, dibromo hexane, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, SA monomer, and triethylene glycol purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic anhydride, ethyl ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, methylene chloride, hexane, acetone, sulfuric acid, potassium carbonate, dimethyl formamide, toluene, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and acetic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ, USA); 4-p-fluorobenzonitrile was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Cheshire, UK). For ¹H NMR analysis of the copolymers, deuterated chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). The N-terminal region of a recombinant PspA (UAB055, PspA/Rx1 AA1 to 303, clade 2 PspA of the PspA family 1) was produced by Dr. David McPherson (University of Alabama at Birmingham) as described previously (55 (link)). Prior to immunization, endotoxin was removed from the protein using endotoxin removal beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions followed by dialysis and lyophilization. The final endotoxin content of the protein was determined to be less than 1.9 EU/mg as determined by a limulus amebocyte lysate chromogenic endotoxin quantification kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Wagner-Muñiz D.A., Haughney S.L., Kelly S.M., Wannemuehler M.J, & Narasimhan B. (2018). Room Temperature Stable PspA-Based Nanovaccine Induces Protective Immunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 325.

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Synthesis of PCL Polymers

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PCL (M_n = 45000
g mol^–1), ε-caprolactone (CL, >99%), stannous
2-ethyl hexanoate (Sn(Oct)₂, purity 92.5–100.0%),
cyclohexanol (purity 98.5%), and 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane
(TMDP, purity 95%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Alkaline LN was acquired from TCI Inc. (Portland, OR). Methanol (purity
≥99%), dichloromethane (DCM, purity ≥99.9% extra dry),
oxalyl chloride (purity ≥99%), dimethylformamide (DMF,
purity ≥99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, purity ≥99.7%),
ethyl ether (purity ≥99%), toluene (purity ≥99.5%, extra
dry), and trehalose (purity ≥99%) were acquired from Fisher
Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).

Garcia A., Astete C.E., Cueto R, & Sabliov C.M. (2024). Modulation of Methoxyfenozide Release from Lignin Nanoparticles Made of Lignin Grafted with PCL by ROP and Acylation Grafting Methods. Langmuir, 40(10), 5433-5443.

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PLGA-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis

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PLGA
50:50 (38–54 kDa) was acquired
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). ALGN and SLGN were acquired from
TCI Inc. (Portland, OR). Oxalyl chloride (purity ≥99%), dichloromethane
(DCM, purity ≥99.9% extra dry), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, purity
≥99.7%), trehalose (purity ≥99%), ethyl ether (purity
≥99%), ethanol, dimethylformamide (DMF, purity ≥99.5%),
and ethyl acetate (purity ≥99.5%) were acquired from Fisher
Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).

Astete C.E., De Mel J.U., Gupta S., Noh Y., Bleuel M., Schneider G.J, & Sabliov C.M. (2020). Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis. ACS Omega, 5(17), 9892-9902.

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Synthesis of CPTEG and CPH Polymers

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Chemicals used for CPTEG and CPH diacid and polymer synthesis included 1,6-dibromohexane, triethylene 4-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl ether, hexanes, sodium hydroxide, toluene, sulfuric acid, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, acetic anhydride, methylene chloride, pentane, and potassium carbonate were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ). 4-p-fluorobenzonitrile was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Cheshire, UK). Deuterated Chloroform used for ¹H NMR analysis was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Dithio-R_P,R_P-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (R,R-Cyclic di-GMP (CDG)) was provided by Aduro Biotech (Berkeley, CA). Complete cell culture medium reagents RPMI 1640 and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Mediatech (Herndon, VA); heat inactivated fetal calf serum was purchased from Atlanta Biologicals (Atlanta, GA). Y. pestis, strain CO92 (NR-641) and the Y. pestis fusion protein F1-V (NR-4526) were obtained from the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Repository (Manassas, VA).

Wagner D.A., Kelly S.M., Petersen A.C., Peroutka-Bigus N., Darling R.J., Bellaire B.H., Wannemuehler M.J, & Narasimhan B. (2019). Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and long-lived protection against pneumonic plague. Acta biomaterialia, 100, 326-337.

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PEG-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Synthesis

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The 4 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium hyaluronate (1.5 MDa) was purchased from Lifecore Biomedical (Chaska, MN, USA). Dexamethasone (DX), chloroacetyl chloride, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), sodium acrylate, triethylamine (TEA), 4-methoxyphenol, anhydrous sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Dowex 50WX8 200-400 (H) was purchased from Alfa Aeser (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Anhydrous dichloromethane, anhydrous dimethylformamide, HPLC-grade acetonitrile, chloroform, ethyl ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Fisher Chemical (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(hydroxyethoxy) phenol]-2-methyl-1-propanone (Irgacure 2959, I-2959) was donated by BASF (Florham Park, NJ, USA).

Macks C., Jeong D., Bae S., Webb K, & Lee J.S. (2022). Dexamethasone-Loaded Hydrogels Improve Motor and Cognitive Functions in a Rat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(19), 11153.

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Synthesis and Characterization of CPTEG:CPH Copolymer Nanoparticles

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For the synthesis of the 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG) monomers and the corresponding 20:80 CPTEG:CPH copolymer, and the ivermectin and doxycycline-loaded nanoparticles, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethyl formamide, ethyl ether, hexane, methylene chloride, pentane, petroleum ether, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and toluene were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ). The chemicals 1,6-dibromohexane, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, hydroxybenzoic acid, N,N-dimethylacetamide, sebacic acid, and tri-ethylene glycol were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The chemical 4-p-fluorobenzonitrile was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Cheshire, UK). For ¹H NMR analysis deuterated chloroform and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Rhodamine B, a fluorescent dye, and the drugs, ivermectin and doxycycline, were purchased from Sigma Life Science (St. Louis, MO).

Binnebose A.M., Haughney S.L., Martin R., Imerman P.M., Narasimhan B, & Bellaire B.H. (2015). Polyanhydride Nanoparticle Delivery Platform Dramatically Enhances Killing of Filarial Worms. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(10), e0004173.

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Silica Gel Chemical Modification Protocol

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The organosilane reagent used as a linker in chemical immobilization reactions and the organomercuric compounds studied in this study were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) and the Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA), respectively. Silica gel (5-µm particle diameter, 100 Å porosity with a specific surface area of 400 m²/g), used as the supporting matrix of the solid phase and as the adsorbent in the adsorption and capacity evaluations at ambient temperatures after chemical modification with a lignin without further purification, was obtained from Silicycle (Quebec City, QC, Canada) [21 (link),22 (link)]. The HPLC-grade solvents, including toluene, acetonitrile, methanol, triethylamine, methylene chloride, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl ether used in this study were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). These solvents were used to wash the lignin-modified Silica gel before evaluations of adsorption and adsorption capacity, as well as for the mobile phase in HPLC analysis. Filtered (0.2 µm) and distilled water was used in all cases.

Chen S, & Gao Y.X. (2018). Study of Lignin-Modified Silica Gel Adsorption after Association with Six Different Organophenylmercuric Compounds in Chloroform. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 2851.

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Peptide Synthesis and Purification

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All commercially available chemicals were purchased and used directly without further purification. Standard Fmoc protected amino acids were obtained from Protein Technologies Inc. Special protected amino acids including Fmoc-L-Cys(SAcm)-OH, Fmoc-L-Cit-OH, Fmoc-L-3-Iodo-Tyr-OH, Fmoc-beta-Ala-OH, Fmoc-L-Glu(OAll)-OH, Fmoc-L-Lys(NAloc)-OH, Fmoc-L-Asp(OAllyl)=OH, Fmoc-L-Glu(ODmab)-OH, Fmoc-L-Dap(NAloc)-OH, Fmoc-L-Lys(ivDde)-OH and chemicals including HATU, HOBt, PyBOP were purchased from Chemimpex Inc. 2-CTC resin was purchased from ChemPep. EDT, DIEA, DCM, TIPS, DMBA, Pd(PPh₃)₄, iodine, piperidine, ACh, potassium chloride, human serum and BSA were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. DMF, TFA, acetic acid, ACN and ethyl ether were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Oxaliplatin was purchased from MedChem Express.

Zheng N., Christensen S.B., Blakely A., Dowell C., Purushottam L., McIntosh J.M, & Chou D.H. (2020). Development of Conformationally Constrained α-RgIA Analogues as Stable Peptide Antagonists of Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 63(15), 8380-8387.

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Synthesis of PEG-norbornene Crosslinkers

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PEG-norbornene was synthesized using a previously described protocol (23 (link)). Briefly, equimolar amounts of 8-arm PEG (JenKem) with a molecular weight of either 10 kDa or 40 kDa and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in a minimal amount of anhydrous dichloromethane (Sigma-Aldrich), under argon in a round bottom flask. 16 equivalents each of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and N-N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (Sigma-Aldrich) were added and reacted overnight on ice. Product was precipitated in 4°C ethyl ether (Fisher Scientific), filtered, and then dried by vacuum. PEG-norbornene was purified by dialysis and lyophilized. Greater than 90% functionalization was achieved as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and rheological characterization of the crosslinked product.

Mabry K.M., Lawrence R.L, & Anseth K.S. (2015). Dynamic stiffening of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels to direct valvular interstitial cell phenotype in a three-dimensional environment. Biomaterials, 49, 47-56.

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