Amlexanox

Manufactured by Bio-Techne

Amlexanox is a lab equipment product manufactured by Bio-Techne. It is a small molecule used in research applications.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

9 protocols using amlexanox

Optimization of Compound Reconstitution and Dosing

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The following chemicals were obtained from commercial sources, and were used as follows:
(i) The Wnt agonist, AMBMP hydrochloride (Tocris), used as positive control for β-catenin activation, was reconstituted into 10 mM of final concentration in 2 µl DMSO which did not exhibit any cell toxicity (not shown). (ii) AKT Inhibitor IV (Sigma) was used at the concentration of 10 μM in DMSO. (iii) For 250 nM of amlexanox (Tocris), 0.12 µl of 1 mM of stock solution (1 mg/3.35 ml DMSO) was used in 500 µl cell culture. (iv) L-tryptophan (Sigma) was reconstituted at final concentration of 0.50 mM in H₂O. (v) Human IFN-γ (Sigma, 1000 units/ml) was used in 1 ml of cell culture. (vi) L-kynurenine (Sigma) was reconstituted at a final concentration of 0.50 mM in H₂O. (vii) NAC (Sigma) was made by dissolving in H₂O for a final concentration of 5 µM. (viii) For 200 µM of melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, Sigma), 10 mg was dissolved in 430 µl ethanol, and 20 µl was used for 1 ml culture. (ix) From 10 mM of tBHP (Sigma, 1 mg/1.11 ml H₂O), 0.1 µl (1 µM) was used for 1 ml culture. (x) For 500 µM of teriflunomide (Tocris), 50 µl of the stock solution in DMSO was used in 1 ml cell culture.

Majumdar T., Sharma S., Kumar M., Hussain M.A., Chauhan N., Kalia I., Sahu A.K., Rana V.S., Bharti R., Haldar A.K., Singh A.P, & Mazumder S. (2019). Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway attenuates β-catenin-dependent pro-parasitic role of STING-TICAM2-IRF3-IDO1 signalosome in Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cell Death & Disease, 10(3), 161.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Antibodies and Inhibitors for Immune Signaling

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Antibodies specifically against Runx3 (Cat. No. 9647 and 13089), Runx2, TLR3, MDA5, IKKα, IKKβ, PKD3, cleaved caspase-3, −8, −9, cleaved PARP (Asp214), Stat1, phospho-IKKα (Ser176)/IKKβ (Ser177), phospho-p65 (Ser-536) were from Cell Signaling Technology. Runx1 and NFκB p65 antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. RIG-1 antibody was from OriGene Technology. Actin antibody, actinomycin D and LPS (Escherichia coli 0111:B4) were from Sigma. TLR ligands Type B CpG oligonucleotide (ODN 2006), low and high molecular weight poly(I:C), R837, CL075, and Pam3CSK4 were from InvivoGen. Recombinant TGFβ, TNFα, and specific peptide inhibitors for caspase-3 (Z-VAD-FMK), caspase-8 (Z-IETD-FMK) and caspase-9 (Z-LEHD-FMK) were from R & D Systems. IFNβ ELISA kit and IFNα were from PBL Assay Science, and IFNγ and IFNλ were from eBioscience. TUNEL Apo-Green detection kit was from Biotool. Bay 11-7082, Piceatannol and GFX109203X were from EMD Millipore. Amlexanox, SC514 and necrostatin-1 were from Tocris Bioscience. Clarity Western ECL substrate was from Bio-Rad.

Gan H., Hao Q., Idell S, & Tang H. (2015). Transcription Factor Runx3 Is Induced by Influenza A Virus and Double-Strand RNA and Mediates Airway Epithelial Cell Apoptosis. Scientific Reports, 5, 17916.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Microglia and Monocyte Cell Assays

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

BV-2 female mouse microglia-like cells were grown in DMEM + 10% FBS, and THP-1 male human monocyte cells were grown in RPMI-40+ 10% FBS+ 0.05mM β-mercaptoethanol at 37°C, 5% CO₂. Adherent cells were split using 1X TrypLE (Gibco). For cellular assays, cells were treated with the following concentrations of drugs, unless otherwise noted, in DMEM (for BV-2) or RPMI-40 (for THP-1) without serum: 100-200μM ganciclovir, 10ng/ml IFNγ (R&D systems), 100ng/ml LPS (Sigma-Aldrich), 10μM Fludarabine (Selleckchem), 1μM Ruxolitinib (Selleckchem), 1μM TG-101348 (Selleckchem), 1μM Amlexanox (Tocris bioscience). Secreted signaling proteins were measured in conditioned culture supernatants from BV-2 cells stimulated with GCV for 24h in the absence of serum using two independent Luminex arrays (Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University and Eve technologies, Canada). Nitrite assay was performed on conditioned culture supernatants of cells stimulated with drugs for 24h using the Griess Reagent System (Promega) according to manufacturer’s instructions. To assess cell viability, cell confluence was measured using an automated microscope (Cellavista; Roche). Toxicity was measured using Celltox Green cytotoxicity assay (Promega). All experiments were run in triplicates and replicated at least 3 times with cell lines and at least twice with primary microglia.

Mathur V., Burai R., Vest R.T., Bonanno L.N., Lehallier B., Zardeneta M., Mistry K.N., Do D., Marsh S.E., Abud E.M., Blurton-Jones M., Li L., Lashuel H.A, & Wyss-Coray T. (2017). Activation of the STING-dependent type I interferon response reduces microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation. Neuron, 96(6), 1290-1302.e6.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Inhibition of TBK1/IKKε Signaling Pathway

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The following chemical inhibitors were used: treprostinil (Compound CID: 91617675) a potent prostacyclin (PGI2) analog (Tocris), inhibitors of TBK1/IKKε: Amlexanox (Compound CID: 2161) (Tocris), TBK1/IKKε‐IN‐1(compound I) (CI) (Compound CID: 124156234) (Selleckchem), and TBK1/IKKε‐IN‐2 (compound II) (CII) (Selleckchem). The chemical stocks were prepared using DMSO as the solvent and all the experiments used DMSO as a control.

Aravamudhan A., Dieffenbach P.B., Choi K.M., Link P.A., Meridew J.A., Haak A.J., Fredenburgh L.E, & Tschumperlin D.J. (2024). Non‐canonical IKB kinases regulate YAP/TAZ and pathological vascular remodeling behaviors in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Physiological Reports, 12(7), e15999.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Inhibition of TBK1, TTK, and APC/C in Cell Studies

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Cells were treated with BX795 (#s1274, selleckchem), MRT67307 (#SML0702, Millipore Sigma) or amlexanox (#4857, Tocris) to inhibit TBK1 and NMS-P715 (#475949, Millipore Sigma) to inhibit TTK Plasmids expressing GST-Cdh1 and GST-Cdc20 were kind gift from Dr. Lixin Wan. Phospho (S172) TBK1 (#5483), phospho PLK1 (#5472S), phospho histone H3 (#3377), TTK (#3255T), APC1 (#13329), pAurora A (Thr288), B (Thr232), C (Thr 198) (#2914S) and total TBK1 (#3013S) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling, and antibody against Cdc20 (SC-13162) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. β-actin (#A1978, clone AC-15) and α-tubulin (#T6074) antibodies were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Cyclin B1 antibody (#5472S) was purchased from BD Biosciences. pTTK antibody (#44–1325G) was purchased from Novex. BubR1 (ab70544), Mad2 (ab97777) and Cdh1 (ab89535) antibodies were purchased from Abcam. γ-tubulin antibody (# PA5–34815) was purchased from Invitrogen. Control siRNA (sc-37007) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and TBK1 siRNA (# 4457298, ID: s761) was purchased from Ambion.

Maan M., Agrawal N.J., Padmanabhan J., Leitzinger C.C., Rivera-Rivera Y., Saavedra H.I, & Chellappan S.P. (2020). Tank Binding Kinase 1 modulates spindle assembly checkpoint components to regulate mitosis in breast and lung cancer cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research, 1868(3), 118929.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Amlexanox Modulates Cell Signaling

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

For Amlexanox (4857, Tocris) experiments, 2.5 × 10⁵ RPE1 cells or 1 × 10⁶ HCT116 cells were seeded into 6-cm dishes and incubated overnight. The next day, 100 µM or 50 µM concentrations were used for RPE1 and HCT116 cell lines, respectively. For western blot, cells were incubated with Amlexanox for 4 h, which was sufficient to decrease the levels of p-TBK1–S172. For qRT-PCR experiments, cells were incubated overnight. For the positive control, AraC (C6645, Sigma) was added at 50 µM to the control cells and incubated overnight. To inhibit mTOR complex activity, Torin 1 (4247, Tocris) was applied overnight at a concentration of 2 µM. To measure the autophagic flux, the lysosome inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (1334, Tocris) was used for 4 h at 100 nM.

Krivega M., Stiefel C.M., Karbassi S., Andersen L.L., Chunduri N.K., Donnelly N., Pichlmair A, & Storchová Z. (2021). Genotoxic stress in constitutive trisomies induces autophagy and the innate immune response via the cGAS-STING pathway. Communications Biology, 4, 831.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Innate Immune Signaling Modulation

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

High molecular weight (HMW) Poly(I:C), LPS, 2′3′-cGAMP, HMW Poly(I:C) complexed with LyoVec transfection reagent, and Bx795 (all Invivogen); IKK16 and Amlexanox (Tocris Bioscience), BLZ945 (Selleckchem), IFNα2 and mouse IFNα3 (PBL Assay Science), were reconstituted per manufacturer’s instructions; concentrations are noted in figure legends. SiRNA against MDA5 or All-Stars negative control siRNA (Qiagen) were complexed with lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo-Fisher) following manufacturer’s instructions, delivering 100pmol of siRNA per 35 mm dish, and changing media after 6 h. Infections/treatments of siRNA-treated MDMs occurred 36 h after transfection.

Brown M.C., Mosaheb M.M., Mohme M., McKay Z.P., Holl E.K., Kastan J.P., Yang Y., Beasley G.M., Hwang E.S., Ashley D.M., Bigner D.D., Nair S.K, & Gromeier M. (2021). Viral infection of cells within the tumor microenvironment mediates antitumor immunotherapy via selective TBK1-IRF3 signaling. Nature Communications, 12, 1858.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Neuronal Differentiation of Rat Hippocampal Stem Cells

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum. HCN-A94 adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells were obtained from Fred Gage (Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA) and were maintained as described [25 (link)] in DMEM/F12 medium with N2 supplement and 20 ng/ml FGF-2 (Peprotech). Neuronal differentiation was induced in DMEM/F12 medium with N2 supplement (Life Technologies) and with 1 μM retinoic acid and 5 μM forskolin [26 (link)]. All cells were cultivated at 37 °C in a 5 % CO₂ atmosphere. Amlexanox (Tocris Bioscience) was dissolved in DMSO and applied to cells together with retinoic acid and forskolin.

Alrahbeni T., Sartor F., Anderson J., Miedzybrodzka Z., McCaig C, & Müller B. (2015). Full UPF3B function is critical for neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells. Molecular Brain, 8, 33.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Reagents for Cell Signaling Research

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Ch and 7KCh were purchased from Steraloids Inc. (Newport, RI). LY294002, wortmannin, SB203580, U0126, SP600125, Ac-YVAD-CMK, AG1478, TBB, SL0101 were purchased from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA). Amlexanox was from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). ST2825 was from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ). BI-D1870 was from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (Farmingdale, NY). CLI-095 was from Invivogen Inc. (San Diego, CA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella, IRAK inhibitor1/4 and necrostatin-1were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sterculic acid was purchased from Biofine (Vancouver, Canada).

Huang J.D., Amaral J., Lee J.W, & Rodriguez I.R. (2014). 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced Inflammation Signals Mostly through the TLR4 Receptor Both In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e100985.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!