Electrocardiograms were recorded from living mice using the non-invasive ecgTUNNEL® (Emka Technologies). Waveforms were recorded using Iox Software v1.8.9.18 and intervals were measured with ecgAUTO v1.5.12.50, using the average of three representative consecutive beats. A blinded experimenter, unaware of the genotype performed the examinations.
Ecgtunnel
Manufactured by EMKA Technologies
Sourced in France
The EcgTUNNEL is a laboratory equipment product designed for specialized applications. It serves a core function, but a detailed description cannot be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach. Further information from the manufacturer would be required to present the product accurately without extrapolation.
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9 protocols using ecgtunnel
1
Non-invasive Electrocardiography in Mice
2
Non-invasive ECG Monitoring in Mice
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Electrocardiograms were recorded from mice using noninvasive ecgTUNNEL (Emka Technologies) with minimal filtering. ECG signal was continuously monitored for 3 minutes (baseline). Waveforms were recorded using Iox Software, and heart rate and intervals were measured with ecgAUTO from recording traces. Following baseline determination, the animals received a single administration of phenylephrine (bolus, 3 mg/kg) by the intravenous route at the caudal vein, and electrocardiograms were recorded 3–5 minutes more.
3
Non-invasive ECG and Blood Pressure Monitoring in Diabetic Rats
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Two to three days before euthanasia, ECG and blood pressure were non-invasively recorded in rats from both control and T1D groups. For each animal, ECG lasting at least 15 min was recorded in three limb leads using ecgTUNNEL (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France). Standard ECG peaks (P, Q, R, S, T) and intervals (RR, PQ, QRS, and QT) were assessed from approximately ten beats using ECG auto software (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France). Periods with motion artifacts were excluded from the analysis. The QT interval was corrected according to Fridericia’s formula (QTcF) [23 (link)]. TcFP interval was calculated using the following formula: RR − PQ − QTcF.
Blood pressure measurements were performed using CODA 8 (Kent Scientific Corporation, Torrington, CT, United States) for at least 15 min for each animal. The systolic and diastolic pressure values and tail blood flow velocity were defined as means calculated from 10 measuring cycles in each measurement.
Blood pressure measurements were performed using CODA 8 (Kent Scientific Corporation, Torrington, CT, United States) for at least 15 min for each animal. The systolic and diastolic pressure values and tail blood flow velocity were defined as means calculated from 10 measuring cycles in each measurement.
4
Cardiovascular Assessment in Rats
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At week 5 of the experiment, electrocardiogram (heart rate, voltage and time parameters (P wave and QRST complex), and changes in the isoelectric line) and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, blood flow velocity, tail blood volume, and heart rate) parameters in rats were registered non-invasively using the ecgTUNNEL (emka TECHNOLOGIES, Paris, France) and CODA-HT8 (Kent Scientific, Torrington, USA) instruments, respectively.
5
Non-invasive ECG Monitoring in Mice
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Non-invasive electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in conscious young adult mice (8–19 weeks) using a tunnel system for gentle restraint (ecgTunnel, EMKA Technologies, Paris, France).7 (link) ECG recordings were analysed using ECGauto software (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France). ECGs were also recorded in isoflurane-sedated mice during echocardiography as below.
6
Noninvasive Mouse Cardiac Monitoring
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Electrocardiograms were recorded for the mice with the noninvasive ecgTUNNEL (Emka Technologies, Paris, France), with minimal filtering. Waveforms were recorded with Iox software, and intervals were measured manually with ECG Auto. The investigators were blind to treatment allocation and outcome assessment.
7
Non-invasive Murine Electrocardiography
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Electrocardiograms were recorded from mice using the non-invasive ecgTUNNEL (Emka Technologies) with minimal filtering. Waveforms were recorded using Iox Software and intervals were measured manually with ECG Auto software. The electrocardiographer was blinded to the mouse genotype.
8
Assess Mouse Cardiac Stress Response
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To assess heart rate during stress, non-invasive ECGs were recorded from conscious young adult mice during gentle restrain by a tunnel system (ecgTunnel, EMKA Technologies, Paris, France) and beta-adrenergic stimulation (isoprenaline 2mg/kg i.p.). Heart rate analysis was performed with EMKA software (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France) summarized over a 5 min period. ECG recordings were screened manually for pauses. Here cycle length of 1.5 time of the previous, or in other words 50% or more increase in cycle length compared to the previous cycle length, was regarded as a pause. Animal housing staff, staff performing and analyzing experiments were blinded to mouse genotype.
9
Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse Cardiac Tissue
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Freshly harvested left ventricle apex was cut into small pieces and immediately fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde diluted in PBS for 1 h at room temperature.
After washing in PBS, samples were post-fixed with 1% OsO 4 , dehydrated in a graded series of acetone and embedded in an epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut at 90nm and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, examined using a transmission electron microscope (JEOL 1011) and photographed with a digital Erlangshen 1000 camera (GATAN), using Digital Micrograph software.
Electrocardiography| Electrocardiograms were recorded from mice using the non-invasive ecgTUNNEL (Emka Technologies) with minimal filtering. Waveforms were recorded using Iox Software and intervals were measured manually with ECG Auto. The electrocardiographer was blinded to mouse genotype.
After washing in PBS, samples were post-fixed with 1% OsO 4 , dehydrated in a graded series of acetone and embedded in an epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut at 90nm and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, examined using a transmission electron microscope (JEOL 1011) and photographed with a digital Erlangshen 1000 camera (GATAN), using Digital Micrograph software.
Electrocardiography| Electrocardiograms were recorded from mice using the non-invasive ecgTUNNEL (Emka Technologies) with minimal filtering. Waveforms were recorded using Iox Software and intervals were measured manually with ECG Auto. The electrocardiographer was blinded to mouse genotype.
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